Stratification

• Exam 2 had 80 questions and was worth 85 points.
• The time limit was 75 minutes.
• The quiz was available after Nov 2, 2023, at 1:58 pm.
• The available attempt scored 69 out of 85 points and took 59 minutes.

Stratification

• A significant sociological criticism against the concept of the 'culture of poverty' is that it tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality.
• Mother Teresa held substantial power and prestige despite her poverty, encapsulating the sociological term status contradiction.
• A substantial shift in the economy, potentially due to large-scale events, prompts a significant proportion of the population to experience a change in their socio-economic position. This phenomenon is known as structural mobility.
• Comparing the lowest-paid employees' salaries with the CEO's salary in a corporation uses a relative deprivation measure of poverty.
• The highest earning 20% earns approximately 50% of all income in America today.
• If the Indian government were to evaluate poverty based on individuals' caloric intake rather than their income levels, this would represent an absolute type of poverty measure.
• The top 20% of households in America today hold approximately 85% of all wealth in the US.
• French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu noted the tendency of social classes to stay relatively steady as class rank transfers between generations, mentioning that this social reproduction occurs partly through the acquisition of cultural capital.
• The median household income in the US today is closest to $80,000.
• The sociological concept that represents offspring from working-class families managing to pursue higher education and secure employment in a professional field is intergenerational mobility.
• Clyde and Tiana, both from middle-class backgrounds, married after college, exemplifying homogamy. A common reason for this tendency is more access to people like themselves.
• Priya might be accumulating cultural capital based on her experiences, including studying abroad, attending adult education classes, concerts, and international travel.
• A journalist switches careers from police beat reporter to nonfiction book editor, maintaining the same level of salary which represents horizontal social mobility.
• Median household income in the US has been relatively flat over the past 40 years, and income at the top has doubled.

Race

• Approximately 9% of United States residents identify as Asian American.
• The belief that racism no longer exists due to President Obama's election illustrates color-blind racism.
• The common practice of inquiring about someone's race indicates that race must be established interactionally.
• Approximately 60% of United States residents identify as non-Hispanic white.
• Structural functionalism proposes that racial and ethnic identities can contribute to smoother societal functioning, despite not adequately addressing persistent racial divisions.
• Conflict theory suggests that prejudice and discrimination result from struggles over limited resources
• A significant change in how Americans could identify their race in the 2000 Census was the option to select more than one box.
• Declining to sell a house to a person due to their race is a clear instance of discrimination.
• Pablo, a white Spaniard in the United States, is often mistakenly perceived as Arab until others learn his name and hear his voice, which indicates that race is subjective, and its defining criteria can vary.
• One major explanation for people of different races having divergent life expectancies is variations in access to health care.
• Geneticists have found that height differences between racial and ethnic groups are mainly due to diet, rather than genetics, revealing that race is more of a societal construct than a genetic determinant.
• The holiday of Casimir Pulaski Day is significantly more observed by Polish Americans in Chicago than in other parts of the United States which embodies symbolic ethnicity.

Gender

• Friedrich Engels, a conflict theorist, proposed that capitalism benefits from preserving a patriarchal family structure because women do the work of the labor force without direct compensation and serve as an inexpensive "reserve army" of labor when needed.
• The usage of 'mankind' for collectively representing male and female groups suggests that Language is a reflection of culture, with the use of non-gender-biased words indicating cultural evolution
• Alfred Kinsey's surveys on American sexual behavior in the 1940s and 1950s considered significant in challenging the view that Americans were either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual
• Sarah, a 15-year-old girl, finds herself attracted to other girls. She gauges her friends' reaction to a hypothetical friend at another school who came out as a lesbian. Their reactions are negative, suggesting anyone not heterosexual is deviant. This reflects heteronormativity.
• In the context of conflict theory, women's contributions to family life are often devalued because as a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status.
• The process of gender role socialization typically begins before birth.
• Essentialism posits that men and women have different lived experiences due to inherent biological differences.
• According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, the most crucial aspect of how schools foster the development of gender identities in children is through interactions that occur between educators and pupils.
• A Black woman has an unpleasant shopping experience where a white sales associate follows her around. On returning home, her husband immediately asks about dinner. Intersectionality helps understand her experiences both in the store and at home.
• Someone's self-perception of masculinity or femininity, linked to gender roles, is classified as gender identity.

Social Institutions

• Thinking about religious identification, Catholic; Evangelical Protestants; Unaffiliated; Mainline Protestants; Historically Black Protestant is correctly sorted from the highest population to lowest populations.
• Bob Jones's leadership is best described as having the qualities of charismatic authority.
• The regular and consistent practice of a person's religious beliefs is Religiosity.
• The disparity between democratic values and the informal teaching practices and power dynamics in schools is the hidden curriculum.
• During a church wedding, attendees maintain a still and silent demeanor as vows are exchanged, which represents the sacred serving as a vehicle for group identity and societal unity.
• A probable outcome in a society trending towards secularization is increased acceptance of diverse religious beliefs.
• A sociological description of religion differs from a commonplace understanding by having a view broad enough to include all forms of religious experiences.
• A religious group that denotes a ‘cult’ by isolating itself, advocating complete obedience to a "divine" leader, and following strict rituals.
• Approximately 54% of US adults today do not have a four-year college degree.
• Tracking describes the process where students are tested and subsequently grouped into different class categories (such as remedial, advanced, college prep).
• 20% of the adult US population had a college degree in 1940.
• Three key aspects of charismatic authority are exceptional personal qualities, the ability to inspire and gather followers, and the unique relationships between leaders and followers.
• Intrinsic religiosity would define one's personal relationship to the divine, or their inner religious life.
• At a soccer game, fans are filled with an intense energy as they cheer on their teams. Collective effervescence explains this phenomenon.
• Civic religion in a nation is indicated by citizens publicly displaying national symbols and participating in patriotic ceremonies.
• An unchurched person would most likely identify themselves as spiritual, but not religious.
• Attending religious services represents extrinsic religiosity.
• Conflict theorist Randall Collins compared the educational system to a 'tribal initiation rite' and a 'secret society,' suggesting it operates as a mechanism for reproducing the existing class structure.

Economy

• A union is the term for a group of workers coming together to enhance their economic situation and job conditions.
• According to Karl Marx, workers who are paid based on commission and compete with colleagues in large department stores potentially experience alienation.
• McDonaldization aligns with a worker saying, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. I push a button and I go this way. It was like I was a mechanical nut."
• Max Weber might refer to the Egg McMuffin, a more efficient but arguably less flavorful version of eggs Benedict, as the Rationalization of breakfast.
• The Information Revolution shifted the economy toward the production of knowledge and services.
• Independent contractors primarily engage in contingent work.
• The poverty rates for African American and Hispanic populations have improved but are still more than twice the rates of white poverty rates in comparison to earlier periods.
• People living in extreme poverty today are largely concentrated in Latin America and Asia.
• Approximately 40 million Americans receive SNAP (food stamps) benefits.
• Approximately 40 million Americans currently live in poverty.
• The combination of TANF (welfare) and SNAP (food stamps) does not provide enough assistance to lift a family out of poverty in any state.
• Children are currently the demographic group at the greatest risk of being in poverty in the United States.
• The rate of poverty among African Americans today is roughly 3 times, or triple that of white Americans.
• According to the US Census, 11.5% of the U.S. population currently lives in poverty.
• The 1950s saw the peak in US union membership in US history.
• over the last fifty years, the poverty rate in the U.S. has been between 10 and 15%.
• labor union representation: Approximately 10% of Americans are represented by labor unions, down from 33% in the post-WWII peak.

Case Study

• Research shows Black students are disproportionately suspended from school, with negative labeling and missed schooling as consequences, leading to school dropout, arrest, incarceration, and unemployment.
• School Sorting: Black students are more likely than white students to be in schools with more poor, Black, and Latino students.
• Behavior Differences: Black students have higher rates of misbehavior than white students.
• Differential Treatment: Black students are suspended more than white students for the same behavior.
• Owens and McLanahan found a racial gap in suspension using a sample of 2,396 Black and White children from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS).
• 28% of Black children had been suspended by 4th grade, compared to 7% of white children in the study sample.
• 37% of Black boys had been suspended compared to 17% of Black girls.
• 10% of White boys had been suspended, compared to 4% of White girls.
• Girls are about half as likely as boys to be suspended. Both Black girls and boys experience suspension at much higher rates than White children.
• A variable that would NOT be appropriate for Owens and McLanahan is Child's fifth-grade reading comprehension level.
• School Sorting, a proposed explanation for racial disparities in suspension, refers to The tendency for Black students to be enrolled in schools with more poor children and Black and Latino students.
• One potential biases that could exist when measuring behavior differences between Black and White students is Subjective assessments of behavior by teachers and parents may be influenced by implicit biases.
• According to the study, a greater number of Black students than white students in their sample were suspended from school
• Implicit bias trainings for teachers, based on their results a targeted policy proposal aims at the major source of the racial suspension.
• In the Owens and McLanahan's study, schools racial composition is an independent variable.
• The largest contribution to the racial gap in suspensions, according to Figure 1, is Differential treatment for the same behavior.
• The quiz score was 69 out of 85 and was manually adjusted by +8.0 points.
• The submitted time for the last question was 2:59.