11.2

An interrelationship digraph allows for 'linear thinking' rather than 'lateral thinking.'

Matrix data analysis arranges data to display qualitative relationships among variables.

Process decision program charts graphically display relationships between ideas and provide logical connecting points between each item.

Arrow diagramming has been generally confined to technical experts.

Effective strategy deployment tends to shape organizational structure to support strategic initiatives.

Traditional organizations develop structures that help them maintain flexibility.

An iterative process in which senior management asks what lower levels of the organization can do, what they need, and what conflicts may arise can avoid many implementation problems.

In the policy deployment process, employees negotiate with management on the performance measures used to indicate progress towards objectives.

Catchball is an up, down, and sideways communication process rather than an autocratic, top-down management style.

The Seven Management and Planning Tools originated from U.S. companies and were later refined in Japan.