Task 05

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Questions and Answers

What was the main purpose of the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

To demonstrate the role of PKMz in sustaining spatial memory

To measure the increase in time between animal placement and initial entry into the shock zone

To investigate the impact of ZIP on LTP induction

To reverse the maintenance of LTP in vivo (correct)

In (Pastalkova et al., 2006), What was the specific task used to assess the impact of ZIP on spatial memory?

Electrophysiological recordings

Immunocytochemistry

Active place avoidance (correct)

Behavioral testing

In (Pastalkova et al., 2006), What did the researchers observe in ZIP-injected animals in terms of spatial information storage?

Increase in time spent in the shock zone

Failure to avoid entry into the shock zone and spending time close to chance levels (correct)

No change in spatial memory retention compared to saline-injected animals

Decrease in time between animal placement and initial entry into the shock zone

In (Pastalkova et al., 2006), What was the impact of ZIP on LTP maintenance?

It reversed LTP maintenance in vivo Signup and view all the answers

How did the researchers in (Pastalkova et al., 2006) test the retention of long-term stored spatial information?

By measuring the increase in time between animal placement and initial entry into the shock zone Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of PKMz according to the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

Essential for the maintenance of late-phase LTP Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ZIP on hippocampal slices as mentioned in the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

Inhibits the synaptic potentiation produced by intracellular perfusion of PKMz Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ZIP in the study conducted by (Pastalkova et al., 2006)?

To selectively inhibit PKMz by reconstituting the autoinhibition of PKCz regulatory domain Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule did the researchers in (Pastalkova et al., 2006) use to reverse LTP maintenance in vivo?

ZIP Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ZIP on established late LTP as mentioned in the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

Reverses established late LTP without affecting baseline, nontetanized synaptic transmission Signup and view all the answers

What does the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study aim to test about ZIP?

If ZIP can reverse the late phase of LTP in vivo Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ZIP (zeta-inhibitory peptide) in the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

To reconstitute the autoinhibition of PKMz Signup and view all the answers

In (Pastalkova et al., 2006), What effect did ZIP injections have on the spatial extent of LTP reversal in the hippocampus?

Affected responses up to 2 mm away from the injection site Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the place avoidance task in the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

To measure the retention of long-term spatial information Signup and view all the answers

What did the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study aim to determine by injecting ZIP or saline into both hippocampi?

The impact of ZIP on long-term memory retention Signup and view all the answers

What did the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study examine to determine whether the observed loss of long-term memory was specific to PKMz inhibition?

The effects of ZIP on synaptic responses Signup and view all the answers

Which peptide did the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study compare the effects of ZIP to, in order to understand its specificity?

Broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor staurosporine Signup and view all the answers

In (Pastalkova et al., 2006), What did the experiment aim to determine about PKMz inactivation and its effect on memory function?

Whether PKMz inactivation permanently disrupts memory function Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of using intrahippocampal injections of ZIP in the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

To rapidly reverse the persistent potentiation of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slope and population spike (PS) amplitude Signup and view all the answers

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the key focus of the paper?

Investigating the sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons for fear memory recall Signup and view all the answers

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the main challenge to previous theories presented in the paper?

Challenging the idea that memory recall is a passive process Signup and view all the answers

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the experimental approach used in the study useful for, according to the paper?

Mapping cellular populations bearing memory engrams in different systems and contexts Signup and view all the answers

In (Liu et al., 2012), What did the study reveal about context-specific fear memory recall?

Activation of cells labeled in a context not associated with fear did not evoke freezing in mice Signup and view all the answers

In (Liu et al., 2012), What did the researchers use to label a population of DG neurons activated during fear learning?

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) Signup and view all the answers

In (Liu et al., 2012), How did the researchers confirm the specificity of their labeling and reactivation approach?

By assessing light-induced responses from labeled neurons and using different viral constructs Signup and view all the answers

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the key implication of the paper for manipulating memory engrams through optogenetic techniques?

The sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons can be achieved through optogenetic stimulation Signup and view all the answers

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was one of the key challenges to previous theories regarding fear memory recall?

Showing that activation of a specific population of neurons is not necessary for memory recall Signup and view all the answers

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was significant about the methodology used in the study?

The methodology involved rigorous experimental design and optical stimulation to demonstrate sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain did the researchers target in the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012)?

Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the behavioral outcome observed in mice as a result of optogenetic reactivation of specific neurons in the hippocampus?

Increased freezing behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012) in the field of neuroscience?

It provides evidence that activating a specific ensemble of hippocampal neurons that contribute to a memory engram is sufficient for the recall of that memory. Signup and view all the answers

What technique was used to label and reactivate a subpopulation of DG cells active during memory encoding in the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012)?

Optogenetics Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'engram' refer to in the context of the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012)?

A specific memory encoded by a sparse population of neurons Signup and view all the answers

In (Liu et al., 2012), What does optogenetic reactivation of specific neurons in the hippocampus demonstrate?

Activating a specific ensemble of hippocampal neurons is sufficient for the recall of a specific memory. Signup and view all the answers

What method did researchers use to elicit fear memory recall in mice in the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012)?

Optogenetic stimulation of hippocampal engram Signup and view all the answers

What is the key finding regarding fear memory recall from the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012)?

Activating a subpopulation of neurons that was active during learning can elicit the behavioral output of a specific memory. Signup and view all the answers

In (Han et al., 2009), What was the methodology used in the study?

Inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy to specifically ablate neurons with increased CREB Signup and view all the answers

In (Han et al., 2009), What did the authors use to achieve selective ablation in the lateral amygdala (LA) region of the brain?

Viral vectors Signup and view all the answers

In (Han et al., 2009), What did the study reveal about the relationship between cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element–binding protein (CREB) and fear memory?

Increased CREB led to selective ablation of fear memory neurons Signup and view all the answers

In (Han et al., 2009), What was the primary outcome of selectively ablating neurons with increased CREB activity in the lateral amygdala (LA) region?

Blocking the expression of the fear memory Signup and view all the answers

In (Han et al., 2009), What did the authors aim to achieve by using an inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy in the study?

Specific ablation of neurons with increased CREB after learning Signup and view all the answers

What did the study by Han et al. (2009) reveal about the neural basis of fear memory?

It revealed a causal link between specific neuronal subpopulations and memory expression Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of transgenic mice in the methodology of the study by Han et al. (2009)?

To selectively ablate neurons with increased CREB activity Signup and view all the answers

What did Han et al. (2009) suggest about a connection between which specific neuronal subpopulation and memory expression?

They established a causal link between specific neuronal subpopulations and memory expression Signup and view all the answers

In (Han et al., 2009), What was the main strategy used by the authors to selectively ablate neurons with increased CREB after learning?

Inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy Signup and view all the answers

What does the study by Han et al. (2009) suggest about the encoding of memories?

Memories are encoded by sparsely distributed groups of neurons Signup and view all the answers

In (Han et al., 2009), What is the molecular signature used to identify neurons specifically activated by fear memory testing?

Arc RNA Signup and view all the answers

In (Han et al., 2009), What was the outcome observed when CREB-cre vector was microinjected into the LA of iDTR mice before weak auditory fear training?

Memory enhancement Signup and view all the answers

In (Han et al., 2009), What conclusion can be drawn regarding the effect of ZIP on established late LTP?

Inhibits late LTP Signup and view all the answers

In (Han et al., 2009), What does the selective ablation of LA (lateral amygdala) neurons using a CREB-cre vector aim to achieve?

Reverse memory enhancement Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the study by Han et al. (2009) for anxiety disorders and PTSD?

Offers a potential strategy for selectively erasing traumatic memories Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using optogenetics in cognitive neuroscience?

To investigate the causal role of specific neurons in behavior and cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

What does the technique of introducing light-sensitive proteins into targeted neurons allow researchers to achieve?

Precisely control the activity of neurons using light pulses Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary technique used to selectively ablate neurons overexpressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element–binding protein (CREB) in the lateral amygdala (LA) region of the brain?