Task 05

55 Questions

What was the main purpose of the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

To reverse the maintenance of LTP in vivo

In (Pastalkova et al., 2006), What was the specific task used to assess the impact of ZIP on spatial memory?

Active place avoidance

In (Pastalkova et al., 2006), What did the researchers observe in ZIP-injected animals in terms of spatial information storage?

Failure to avoid entry into the shock zone and spending time close to chance levels

In (Pastalkova et al., 2006), What was the impact of ZIP on LTP maintenance?

It reversed LTP maintenance in vivo

How did the researchers in (Pastalkova et al., 2006) test the retention of long-term stored spatial information?

By measuring the increase in time between animal placement and initial entry into the shock zone

What is the role of PKMz according to the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

Essential for the maintenance of late-phase LTP

What is the effect of ZIP on hippocampal slices as mentioned in the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

Inhibits the synaptic potentiation produced by intracellular perfusion of PKMz

What is the role of ZIP in the study conducted by (Pastalkova et al., 2006)?

To selectively inhibit PKMz by reconstituting the autoinhibition of PKCz regulatory domain

Which molecule did the researchers in (Pastalkova et al., 2006) use to reverse LTP maintenance in vivo?

ZIP

What is the effect of ZIP on established late LTP as mentioned in the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

Reverses established late LTP without affecting baseline, nontetanized synaptic transmission

What does the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study aim to test about ZIP?

If ZIP can reverse the late phase of LTP in vivo

What is the function of ZIP (zeta-inhibitory peptide) in the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

To reconstitute the autoinhibition of PKMz

In (Pastalkova et al., 2006), What effect did ZIP injections have on the spatial extent of LTP reversal in the hippocampus?

Affected responses up to 2 mm away from the injection site

What was the purpose of the place avoidance task in the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

To measure the retention of long-term spatial information

What did the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study aim to determine by injecting ZIP or saline into both hippocampi?

The impact of ZIP on long-term memory retention

What did the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study examine to determine whether the observed loss of long-term memory was specific to PKMz inhibition?

The effects of ZIP on synaptic responses

Which peptide did the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study compare the effects of ZIP to, in order to understand its specificity?

Broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor staurosporine

In (Pastalkova et al., 2006), What did the experiment aim to determine about PKMz inactivation and its effect on memory function?

Whether PKMz inactivation permanently disrupts memory function

What was the goal of using intrahippocampal injections of ZIP in the (Pastalkova et al., 2006) study?

To rapidly reverse the persistent potentiation of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slope and population spike (PS) amplitude

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the key focus of the paper?

Investigating the sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons for fear memory recall

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the main challenge to previous theories presented in the paper?

Challenging the idea that memory recall is a passive process

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the experimental approach used in the study useful for, according to the paper?

Mapping cellular populations bearing memory engrams in different systems and contexts

In (Liu et al., 2012), What did the study reveal about context-specific fear memory recall?

Activation of cells labeled in a context not associated with fear did not evoke freezing in mice

In (Liu et al., 2012), What did the researchers use to label a population of DG neurons activated during fear learning?

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)

In (Liu et al., 2012), How did the researchers confirm the specificity of their labeling and reactivation approach?

By assessing light-induced responses from labeled neurons and using different viral constructs

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the key implication of the paper for manipulating memory engrams through optogenetic techniques?

The sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons can be achieved through optogenetic stimulation

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was one of the key challenges to previous theories regarding fear memory recall?

Showing that activation of a specific population of neurons is not necessary for memory recall

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was significant about the methodology used in the study?

The methodology involved rigorous experimental design and optical stimulation to demonstrate sufficiency of activating specific hippocampal neurons

Which region of the brain did the researchers target in the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012)?

Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus

In (Liu et al., 2012), What was the behavioral outcome observed in mice as a result of optogenetic reactivation of specific neurons in the hippocampus?

Increased freezing behavior

What is the significance of the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012) in the field of neuroscience?

It provides evidence that activating a specific ensemble of hippocampal neurons that contribute to a memory engram is sufficient for the recall of that memory.

What technique was used to label and reactivate a subpopulation of DG cells active during memory encoding in the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012)?

Optogenetics

What does the term 'engram' refer to in the context of the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012)?

A specific memory encoded by a sparse population of neurons

In (Liu et al., 2012), What does optogenetic reactivation of specific neurons in the hippocampus demonstrate?

Activating a specific ensemble of hippocampal neurons is sufficient for the recall of a specific memory.

What method did researchers use to elicit fear memory recall in mice in the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012)?

Optogenetic stimulation of hippocampal engram

What is the key finding regarding fear memory recall from the study by Xu Liu et al. (2012)?

Activating a subpopulation of neurons that was active during learning can elicit the behavioral output of a specific memory.

In (Han et al., 2009), What was the methodology used in the study?

Inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy to specifically ablate neurons with increased CREB

In (Han et al., 2009), What did the authors use to achieve selective ablation in the lateral amygdala (LA) region of the brain?

Viral vectors

In (Han et al., 2009), What did the study reveal about the relationship between cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element–binding protein (CREB) and fear memory?

Increased CREB led to selective ablation of fear memory neurons

In (Han et al., 2009), What was the primary outcome of selectively ablating neurons with increased CREB activity in the lateral amygdala (LA) region?

Blocking the expression of the fear memory

In (Han et al., 2009), What did the authors aim to achieve by using an inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy in the study?

Specific ablation of neurons with increased CREB after learning

What did the study by Han et al. (2009) reveal about the neural basis of fear memory?

It revealed a causal link between specific neuronal subpopulations and memory expression

What was the role of transgenic mice in the methodology of the study by Han et al. (2009)?

To selectively ablate neurons with increased CREB activity

What did Han et al. (2009) suggest about a connection between which specific neuronal subpopulation and memory expression?

They established a causal link between specific neuronal subpopulations and memory expression

In (Han et al., 2009), What was the main strategy used by the authors to selectively ablate neurons with increased CREB after learning?

Inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy

What does the study by Han et al. (2009) suggest about the encoding of memories?

Memories are encoded by sparsely distributed groups of neurons

In (Han et al., 2009), What is the molecular signature used to identify neurons specifically activated by fear memory testing?

Arc RNA

In (Han et al., 2009), What was the outcome observed when CREB-cre vector was microinjected into the LA of iDTR mice before weak auditory fear training?

Memory enhancement

In (Han et al., 2009), What conclusion can be drawn regarding the effect of ZIP on established late LTP?

Inhibits late LTP

In (Han et al., 2009), What does the selective ablation of LA (lateral amygdala) neurons using a CREB-cre vector aim to achieve?

Reverse memory enhancement

What is the significance of the study by Han et al. (2009) for anxiety disorders and PTSD?

Offers a potential strategy for selectively erasing traumatic memories

What is the primary purpose of using optogenetics in cognitive neuroscience?

To investigate the causal role of specific neurons in behavior and cognitive processes

What does the technique of introducing light-sensitive proteins into targeted neurons allow researchers to achieve?

Precisely control the activity of neurons using light pulses

What was the primary technique used to selectively ablate neurons overexpressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element–binding protein (CREB) in the lateral amygdala (LA) region of the brain?