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Questions and Answers
Which component contributes to the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?
Which component contributes to the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?
- Kidney
- Adrenal medulla
- Other nervous tissues (correct)
- Skeletal Muscles
What is the primary function of the acyl group in mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism?
What is the primary function of the acyl group in mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism?
- To be transferred to carnitine for transport (correct)
- To be stored in adipocytes
- To penetrate the blood-brain barrier
- To facilitate glucose metabolism
Which tissue primarily stores triacylglycerols (TAG) for its own use?
Which tissue primarily stores triacylglycerols (TAG) for its own use?
- Muscle (correct)
- Adrenal medulla
- Brain
- Kidney
What is the role of carnitine in the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids?
What is the role of carnitine in the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids?
Which enzyme is involved in transferring the acyl group from CoA to carnitine?
Which enzyme is involved in transferring the acyl group from CoA to carnitine?
What happens to acyl groups that cannot be metabolized by the body?
What happens to acyl groups that cannot be metabolized by the body?
Which statement accurately describes β-oxidation?
Which statement accurately describes β-oxidation?
What is the primary storage location of carnitine in the body?
What is the primary storage location of carnitine in the body?
What process mobilizes TAG stored in muscle and liver tissues?
What process mobilizes TAG stored in muscle and liver tissues?
Which characteristic of red blood cells is vital for their function regarding mitochondria?
Which characteristic of red blood cells is vital for their function regarding mitochondria?
What is the initial step in the synthesis of prostaglandins?
What is the initial step in the synthesis of prostaglandins?
Which enzyme complex is involved in the catalysis of the first step in prostaglandin synthesis?
Which enzyme complex is involved in the catalysis of the first step in prostaglandin synthesis?
What condition is characterized by the excretion of C6-C10 ω-dicarboxylic acids?
What condition is characterized by the excretion of C6-C10 ω-dicarboxylic acids?
What is a significant consequence of hypoglycin exposure?
What is a significant consequence of hypoglycin exposure?
Inhibition of which enzyme activity is associated with hypoglycin toxicity?
Inhibition of which enzyme activity is associated with hypoglycin toxicity?
What is PGH2 a precursor for?
What is PGH2 a precursor for?
What is the primary cause of energy production from fatty acids during β-oxidation?
What is the primary cause of energy production from fatty acids during β-oxidation?
How many moles of ATP are produced from 7 moles of FADH2 during oxidative phosphorylation?
How many moles of ATP are produced from 7 moles of FADH2 during oxidative phosphorylation?
What type of genetic inheritance pattern is associated with Medium-Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency?
What type of genetic inheritance pattern is associated with Medium-Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency?
What is the main consequence of Medium-Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency in infants?
What is the main consequence of Medium-Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency in infants?
What is the prevalence of Medium-Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency in newborns?
What is the prevalence of Medium-Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency in newborns?
How many moles of ATP are required to activate free palmitate before it undergoes β-oxidation?
How many moles of ATP are required to activate free palmitate before it undergoes β-oxidation?
What potential risk is associated with Medium-Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency in infants?
What potential risk is associated with Medium-Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency in infants?
Which molecule is produced as a direct result of the oxidation of fatty acids during β-oxidation?
Which molecule is produced as a direct result of the oxidation of fatty acids during β-oxidation?
What is the fate of the acetyl CoA derived from fatty acid oxidation?
What is the fate of the acetyl CoA derived from fatty acid oxidation?
Which of the following types of fatty acids does Medium-Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase act on?
Which of the following types of fatty acids does Medium-Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase act on?
Which condition primarily affects the skeletal muscles and presents with myoglobinuria?
Which condition primarily affects the skeletal muscles and presents with myoglobinuria?
What is the primary function of linoleic acid in human metabolism?
What is the primary function of linoleic acid in human metabolism?
How do oral hypoglycemic agents like Sulfunylureas affect fatty acid oxidation?
How do oral hypoglycemic agents like Sulfunylureas affect fatty acid oxidation?
Which fatty acid is released from membrane-bound phospholipids by phospholipase A2?
Which fatty acid is released from membrane-bound phospholipids by phospholipase A2?
Which disorder is characterized by decreased fatty acid oxidation and hypoglycemia?
Which disorder is characterized by decreased fatty acid oxidation and hypoglycemia?
What severe condition can arise from Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency?
What severe condition can arise from Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency?
What is the primary effect of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I Deficiency on organ function?
What is the primary effect of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I Deficiency on organ function?
What is a characteristic symptom of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency?
What is a characteristic symptom of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency?
What is the role of arachidonic acid in the body?
What is the role of arachidonic acid in the body?
What is a major clinical manifestation of Jamaican Vomiting Sickness?
What is a major clinical manifestation of Jamaican Vomiting Sickness?
How do adipocytes take up glucose?
How do adipocytes take up glucose?
What happens to fatty acids during esterification?
What happens to fatty acids during esterification?
What determines whether an acylglycerol is classified as a 'fat' or 'oil'?
What determines whether an acylglycerol is classified as a 'fat' or 'oil'?
Why cannot TAGs form stable micelles?
Why cannot TAGs form stable micelles?
Where is the primary site of TAG synthesis in the body?
Where is the primary site of TAG synthesis in the body?
What is the role of glycerol phosphate in TAG formation?
What is the role of glycerol phosphate in TAG formation?
What is a characteristic feature of cytosolic lipid droplets in adipocytes?
What is a characteristic feature of cytosolic lipid droplets in adipocytes?
What initiates the production of glycerol phosphate from glucose?
What initiates the production of glycerol phosphate from glucose?
How are TAGs stored in adipocytes?
How are TAGs stored in adipocytes?
Study Notes
Storage of Fatty Acids as Components of TAG
- Adipocytes require insulin to uptake glucose; in its absence, they produce limited glycerol phosphate, restricting TAG formation.
- Fatty acids esterify at their carboxyl groups, losing their negative charge and forming neutral fats, which can be solid (fats) or liquid (oils) at room temperature.
- TAGs, slightly soluble in water, form nearly anhydrous oily droplets in adipocytes, serving as the body's major energy reserve.
- Glycerol phosphate is produced from glucose through glycolysis, starting with dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Structure and Function of TAG
- TAG comprises three fatty acids esterified to glycerol; its structure is pivotal for energy storage.
- Other tissues (muscle, liver) store smaller amounts of TAG in intracellular lipid droplets for local use.
Lipolysis in Other Tissues
- Mobilization of TAG in muscles and liver is controlled by hormonal signals, similar to adipocytes.
Oxidation of Fatty Acids
- β-oxidation is the primary mitochondrial process for fatty acid catabolism.
- Each cycle of β-oxidation produces 1 Acetyl CoA, 1 FADH2, and 1 NADH, with the overall reaction yielding ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
- Costs 2 ATP to activate free palmitate, yielding a net of 33 ATP per palmitate molecule from β-oxidation.
Genetic Deficiencies and Related Disorders
- Medium-Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency is one of the most common inborn errors of metabolism, linking to SIDS and Reye’s syndrome.
- Carnitine deficiencies can lead to decreased fatty acid oxidation, resulting in hypoglycemia and other metabolic issues.
Prostaglandin Synthesis from Fatty Acids
- Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid and dietary precursor for the synthesis of prostaglandins, particularly arachidonic acid, which is crucial for inflammation and immune response.
- Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into PGH2, which is a precursor for various prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
Jamaican Vomiting Sickness
- Hypoglycin from unripe akee fruit inhibits β-oxidation via inactivation of acyl CoA dehydrogenases, leading to hypoglycemia and the excretion of toxic metabolites.
Dicarboxylic Aciduria
- Characterized by excretion of C6-C10 ω-dicarboxylic acids and non-ketotic hypoglycemia, often linked to medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Refsum's Disease
- Associated with impaired fatty acid oxidation, leading to the accumulation of phytanic acid.
Implications of Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibition
- Inhibition strategies affect health by reducing the synthesis of prostaglandins involved in various bodily functions and inflammatory responses.
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Description
This quiz explores the storage of fatty acids in adipocytes and the role of insulin in glucose uptake and triglyceride formation. Understand how fatty acids are esterified and the implications of insulin absence on adipocyte functionality.
