Stimulant Laxatives Classification
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Questions and Answers

What is the main effect of stimulant laxatives?

  • They prevent dehydration
  • They absorb fat-soluble vitamins
  • They make the stool slippery
  • They stimulate peristaltic action (correct)

    • What is the active ingredient in castor oil?

  • Senna glycoside
  • Cascara
  • Ricinoleic acid (correct)
  • Anthraquinone

    • What is the effect of mineral oil on the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

  • It decreases absorption (correct)
  • It increases absorption
  • It has no effect
  • It varies depending on the individual

    • What are common causes of diarrhea?

    <p>Microorganisms, drugs, and broad spectrum antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of diarrhea?

    <p>Dehydration and electrolyte disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the safest laxative for pregnant women and children?

    <p>Stool softeners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a stimulant laxative?

    <p>Bisacodyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of diarrhea?

    <p>Three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of body iron is stored in reticuloendothelial system and bone marrow as ferritin and hemosederin?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily dose of iron required by a pregnant lady during the third trimester?

    <p>5 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vitamin C in iron absorption?

    <p>Enhances absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal body store of vitamin B12?

    <p>3mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 absorption?

    <p>Required for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Folic acid deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dose of vitamin B12 used in pernicious anemia?

    <p>300-1000 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of folic acid deficiency during pregnancy?

    <p>Megaloblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of asthma?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of asthma?

    <p>Combination of genetic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chronic inflammation on the airways in asthma?

    <p>Increased contractibility of the surrounding smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bronchodilators in asthma treatment?

    <p>To dilate the bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using beta2-adrenoceptor agonists (β2 agonist) in asthma treatment?

    <p>Less effect on heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line treatment for asthma symptoms?

    <p>Beta2-adrenoceptor agonists (β2 agonist)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger asthma symptoms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of asthma treatment?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of astringents on skin cells?

    <p>They do not destroy cells, but cause contraction of tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of counter irritants?

    <p>To mask pain by stimulating nerve endings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a protective and absorbent agent?

    <p>Talc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of keratolytics on the skin?

    <p>They cause desquamation of dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of topical NSAIDs?

    <p>To relieve musculoskeletal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a caustic agent?

    <p>Phenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of astringents on skin secretions?

    <p>They decrease skin secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using counter irritants in rheumatic or muscle pain?

    <p>To mask pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SPF stand for in the context of sunscreens?

    <p>Sun Protection Factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum SPF required for very fair people?

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of psoriatic plaques?

    <p>White, silvery, and flaky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common medication used to treat psoriatic plaques?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is eczema also known as?

    <p>Atopic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of eczema?

    <p>Itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of eczema?

    <p>Dryness of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for eczema?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Laxatives

    • Stimulant laxatives stimulate peristaltic action and can be dangerous under certain circumstances
    • They are the most powerful among laxatives and should be used with care, as they can be very habit-forming
    • Examples of stimulant laxatives include:
      • Cascara (casanthranol)
      • Senna extract (senna glycoside)
      • Aloe vera (aloin)
      • Bisacodyl (oral) (dulcolax)
      • Castor oil (ricinoleic acid)

    Stool Softeners (Lubricant Laxatives)

    • Make the stool slippery, so it slides through the intestine more easily
    • Examples include mineral oil, which also retards colonic absorption of water, softening the stool
    • Mild laxative, good for pregnancy, lactation, and children

    Antidiarrheal

    • Diarrhea is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day
    • Common causes include:
      • Microorganisms (bacteria, virus, or ameba)
      • Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system
      • Broad-spectrum antibiotics
      • Functional simple diarrhea, poor dietary habits, and stress
    • Diarrhea can cause dehydration and electrolyte disturbances, such as potassium deficiency or other salt imbalances

    Bronchial Asthma

    • A common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways
    • Characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm
    • Common symptoms include:
      • Wheezing
      • Coughing
      • Chest tightness
      • Shortness of breath
    • Asthma can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants (infections, exercise, various allergens, and psychological factors)

    Pathophysiology of Asthma

    • Chronic inflammation of the airways, edema of bronchial mucosa
    • Increased contractibility of the surrounding smooth muscle, leading to bouts of narrowing of the airway and classic symptoms

    Treatment of Asthma

    • Correct use of drugs, either given regularly to prevent an attack or intermittently to relieve one
    • Bronchodilators, such as beta2-adrenoceptor agonists (β2 agonists), are the first line of treatment for asthma symptoms
    • Examples of bronchodilators include salbutamol (ventolin)®

    Hematinics

    • Vitamins or minerals that are essential for normal erythropoiesis
    • Examples include:
      • Iron compounds
      • Vitamin B12
      • Folic acid

    Iron Compounds

    • Physiological importance:
      • Present in hemoglobin (70% of body iron)
      • Present in mioglobin (5% of body iron)
      • Present in enzymes (cytocrome 0.2%)
      • Stored in reticuloendothelial system and bone marrow as ferritin and hemosederin (25%)
      • 2% lies in the labile iron pool (part of body iron which is readily available)
    • Pharmacokinetics:
      • Absorbed from the small intestine (10%); the amount absorbed increases in anemia
      • Ferrous Fe++ is better absorbed than ferric Fe+++
      • Food impairs absorption, and vitamin C enhances it
      • Pregnant women need 5 mg daily during the third trimester
    • Uses:
      • Iron deficiency anemia resulting from:
        • Excess demand
        • Reduced stores
        • Defective absorption
    • Side effects:
      • Nausea
      • Epigastric pain
      • Constipation

    Vitamin B12

    • Physiological importance:
      • Required for normal erythropoiesis and maturation of other cell types
      • Required for certain biochemical reactions
      • Facilitates entrance of folic acid into the cell
    • Pharmacokinetics:
      • Normal body store is 3 mg
      • Synthesized in the small intestine by normal flora (5 mg/day)
      • The absorption needs the presence of intrinsic factor
    • Uses:
      • Used in pernicious anemia resulting from:
        • Deficiency of intrinsic factor (genetic)
        • Nutritional deficiency
        • Mal-absorption
      • Can be given orally or by injection in a dose of 300-1000 mg/day

    Folic Acid

    • Present in a wide variety of plants and animal tissues
    • Required for normal erythropoiesis and many biochemical reactions
    • Deficiencies lead to megaloblastic anemia
    • Uses:
      • Folate deficiency resulting from:
        • Nutritional deficiency (children, old age, alcoholism)
        • Mal-absorption (diseases of the small intestine)
        • Excessive utilization (pregnancy, hemolytic anemia, malignant diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases)
        • Drugs such as phenytoin, phenobarbitone, nitrofurantoin

    Astringents

    • Locally applied protein precipitants, causing contraction of tissues and wrinkling of tissues
    • Examples include:
      • Calamine
      • Alum
      • Zinc oxide
      • Tannic acid

    Counter Irritants, Rubifacient

    • Topically applied analgesics, applied to intact skin
    • Cause feeling of hotness and burning, masking the pain
    • Examples include:
      • Camphor
      • Black mustard
      • Salicylate
      • Turpentine oil
      • Menthol
      • Capsaicin
      • Eucalyptus oil

    Protective and Absorbent

    • Contain water-repellent substances and may be used to protect the skin
    • May absorb moisture, and physical barrier preparations
    • Examples include:
      • Talc
      • Zinc oxide
      • Dimethicone
      • Cotton
      • Cellulose
      • Bandage
      • Gauze
      • Plaster
      • Collodions

    Caustics

    • Topical agents that destroy the upper thick layer of skin
    • Examples include:
      • Phenol
      • AgNO3
    • Uses:
      • Destroy warts (viral infection causing raised thick layer over skin)
      • Keratosis
      • Fungal infections and eczema

    Keratolytics

    • Desquamating agents, causing desquamation of dermis, destroying unwanted tissue
    • Great care is necessary to avoid ulceration
    • Examples include:
      • Titanium dioxide

    Psoriasis

    • White silvery spots over skin, especially on extensor surfaces, knees, elbows, and scalp
    • Due to rapid turnover of epidermis
    • Management:
      • Moisturizers
      • Medicated creams and ointments
      • Ointments and creams containing coal tar, dithranol (anthralin), and corticosteroids
      • Activated vitamin D and its analogues

    Eczema

    • Also known as atopic dermatitis, a form of chronic inflammation of the skin
    • Characterized by:
      • Redness
      • Skin edema (swelling)
      • Itching and dryness
      • Crusting
      • Flaking
      • Blistering
      • Cracking
      • Oozing
      • Bleeding
    • Management:
      • Corticosteroids
      • Antihistamines
      • Moisturizers, as eczema can be exacerbated by dryness of the skin

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    Description

    This quiz covers the classification and characteristics of stimulant laxatives, including their active ingredients and dosage information.

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