Untitled Quiz

Basic Electronics

• Diode: A two-terminal component that conducts current primarily in one direction.
• P-N Junction: Formed when a p-type and n-type semiconductor are joined.
• P-type Semiconductor: Created when a trivalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor; holes are majority carriers.
• N-type Semiconductor: Created when a pentavalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor; electrons are majority carriers.
• Barrier Junction/Depletion Region: The region with positive and negative ions at the p-n junction.
• Potential Barrier: Potential difference across the junction that prevents further movement of charges.
• Forward Bias: Connecting the positive terminal of the battery to the p-side and the negative terminal to the n-side; reduces the width of the depletion region and allows current flow.
• Reverse Bias: Connecting the positive terminal of the battery to the n-side and the negative terminal to the p-side; increases the width of the depletion region and restricts current flow.
• Zero Biased Condition: No external voltage applied; electrons and holes diffuse towards each other across the junction.
• Diode Current Equation: ID = Is (e^(Vp/nVT) - 1), where Is is the reverse saturation current; Vp is the applied voltage; n is an empirical constant.

PN Junction Diode Characteristics

• Forward Resistance: Resistance offered by the diode when forward biased; two types based on voltage(Static(DC), Dynamic(AC)).
• Reverse Resistance: Resistance offered by the diode when reverse biased; very high in comparison to forward resistance.
• Static Resistance (Rf): DC voltage across the diode divided by DC current through it.
• Dynamic Resistance (rf): Change in voltage across the diode divided by the change in current through it .
• Reverse Saturation Current: Small current that flows through a reverse-biased diode.
• Reverse Breakdown Voltage: Voltage at which the reverse current increases drastically.

Rectifiers

• Rectifier: Device converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) using diodes.
• Half-Wave Rectifier: Converts only one half-cycle of AC input.
• Full-Wave Rectifier: Converts both half-cycles of AC input, using two diodes and a center-tapped transformer.
• Bridge Rectifier: Uses four diodes in a closed loop configuration and does not need a center-tapped transformer.

Rectifiers with Filters

• Filter Circuit: Smoothens the pulsating DC output of a rectifier, removing AC components (ripple).
• Inductor Filter: Blocks AC, passes DC.
• Capacitor Filter: Blocks DC, passes AC.
• LC Filter (L Section Filter): Combines inductor and capacitor for better filtering.
• π-Filter (Π Section Filter): Uses two capacitors and one inductor for better filtering, and reduces ripple.
• Ripple Factor (RF): Ratio of AC component's RMS value to DC component's RMS value.
• Efficiency (η): Ratio of DC output power to AC input power.
• Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF): Ratio of DC power delivered to the load to the AC power rating of the transformer secondary.

Zener Diode

• Zener Diode: Heavily doped semiconductor designed for reverse bias operation.
• Zener Breakdown: A rapid increase in reverse current when a reverse voltage reaches a predetermined level.
• Avalanche Breakdown: Occurs with high reverse voltage accelerating electrons.

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

• CRO: Device for displaying electrical signals as waveforms; uses cathode ray tube (CRT).
• CRT: Vacuum tube with electron beam, accelerating and focusing anodes, deflection plates, fluorescent screen.
• Electron Gun: Generates, controls, and focuses electron beam.
• Voltage Amplification: Amplifies input signal voltage in horizontal/vertical sections.
• Time Base Generator: Generates sawtooth waveform for horizontal deflection.
• Horizontal Amplification: Amplifies horizontal time base signal.

Voltage Regulation

• Line Regulation: Maintaining constant output voltage as input voltage varies.
• Load Regulation: Maintaining constant output voltage as load current varies.