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Sterilization eliminates all microbial life, including spores.
Sterilization eliminates all microbial life, including spores.
True (A)
Disinfectants are primarily used on living tissues to prevent infections.
Disinfectants are primarily used on living tissues to prevent infections.
False (B)
All disinfectants are also antiseptics because they kill microorganisms.
All disinfectants are also antiseptics because they kill microorganisms.
False (B)
Steam sterilization is typically the preferred method for sterilizing delicate instruments made of rubber or plastic.
Steam sterilization is typically the preferred method for sterilizing delicate instruments made of rubber or plastic.
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Chemical liquid sterilization is a type of physical sterilization method.
Chemical liquid sterilization is a type of physical sterilization method.
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High level disinfectants are effective against a broader range of microorganisms than low level disinfectants.
High level disinfectants are effective against a broader range of microorganisms than low level disinfectants.
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70% ethyl alcohol is an example of a high level disinfectant.
70% ethyl alcohol is an example of a high level disinfectant.
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Chemiclave sterilization requires a temperature of 121°C and a pressure of 15 lbs.
Chemiclave sterilization requires a temperature of 121°C and a pressure of 15 lbs.
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Formalin and potassium permanganate are used in a physical sterilization method.
Formalin and potassium permanganate are used in a physical sterilization method.
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Autoclaving is effective at sterilizing lab instruments.
Autoclaving is effective at sterilizing lab instruments.
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Dry heat sterilization works by oxidizing microbial cells.
Dry heat sterilization works by oxidizing microbial cells.
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Filtration is effective for removing all bacteria and viruses.
Filtration is effective for removing all bacteria and viruses.
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Gamma rays are used in ionizing radiation sterilization to sterilize materials by breaking down DNA.
Gamma rays are used in ionizing radiation sterilization to sterilize materials by breaking down DNA.
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UV-C radiation is primarily used to sterilize air, water, and surfaces.
UV-C radiation is primarily used to sterilize air, water, and surfaces.
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Boiling water for 10–15 minutes is effective against all spores.
Boiling water for 10–15 minutes is effective against all spores.
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Incineration is used to sterilize materials that cannot be sterilized by other methods.
Incineration is used to sterilize materials that cannot be sterilized by other methods.
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Gas Chromatography (GC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) are used to separate compounds based on their boiling points and polarities.
Gas Chromatography (GC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) are used to separate compounds based on their boiling points and polarities.
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Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate proteins based on their mass alone.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate proteins based on their mass alone.
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Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall structure, classifying them as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative.
Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall structure, classifying them as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative.
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Acid-fast staining is primarily used for detecting Mycobacterium species, which have unique cell walls resisting standard staining techniques.
Acid-fast staining is primarily used for detecting Mycobacterium species, which have unique cell walls resisting standard staining techniques.
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Automated analyzers are primarily used for urine tests.
Automated analyzers are primarily used for urine tests.
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Phase-contrast and dark-field microscopy techniques are primarily used for visualizing bacteria that are easy to stain.
Phase-contrast and dark-field microscopy techniques are primarily used for visualizing bacteria that are easy to stain.
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The use of fume hoods is primarily for the safe handling of biological hazards.
The use of fume hoods is primarily for the safe handling of biological hazards.
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Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should be followed to ensure appropriate safety measures are in place.
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should be followed to ensure appropriate safety measures are in place.
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Blood agar and MacConkey agar are two types of "selective" media, designed to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria while promoting the growth of others.
Blood agar and MacConkey agar are two types of "selective" media, designed to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria while promoting the growth of others.
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Broth cultures are particularly useful for anaerobic bacteria because they cannot grow in the presence of oxygen.
Broth cultures are particularly useful for anaerobic bacteria because they cannot grow in the presence of oxygen.
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Catalase and coagulase tests are used to differentiate between types of Staphylococcus species, with a coagulase-positive result indicating Staphylococcus aureus.
Catalase and coagulase tests are used to differentiate between types of Staphylococcus species, with a coagulase-positive result indicating Staphylococcus aureus.
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Oxidase and urease tests are frequently used to differentiate among Gram-positive bacteria based on the presence or absence of specific enzymes.
Oxidase and urease tests are frequently used to differentiate among Gram-positive bacteria based on the presence or absence of specific enzymes.
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DNA sequencing provides highly specific identification of bacteria and can also be used to determine antibiotic resistance profiles.
DNA sequencing provides highly specific identification of bacteria and can also be used to determine antibiotic resistance profiles.
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The main function of a Blood Smear Microscopy is to determine the number of red blood cells present in a sample.
The main function of a Blood Smear Microscopy is to determine the number of red blood cells present in a sample.
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Hemoglobin and hematocrit tests are used to analyze the clotting function of blood.
Hemoglobin and hematocrit tests are used to analyze the clotting function of blood.
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Platelet Function Tests evaluate the ability of platelets to adhere and aggregate, which is crucial for blood clotting.
Platelet Function Tests evaluate the ability of platelets to adhere and aggregate, which is crucial for blood clotting.
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Flow cytometry is a technology used to analyze blood cell populations by tagging cells with fluorescent antibodies, and it is particularly useful for diagnosing infections like malaria.
Flow cytometry is a technology used to analyze blood cell populations by tagging cells with fluorescent antibodies, and it is particularly useful for diagnosing infections like malaria.
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Bone marrow analysis is a procedure used to assess the function of organs, metabolic state, and disease presence.
Bone marrow analysis is a procedure used to assess the function of organs, metabolic state, and disease presence.
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Spectrophotometry measures the absorbance of light by substances in blood, which can be used to measure glucose, cholesterol, and proteins.
Spectrophotometry measures the absorbance of light by substances in blood, which can be used to measure glucose, cholesterol, and proteins.
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Electrolyte analysis primarily measures the concentration of substances like glucose, cholesterol, and proteins in the blood.
Electrolyte analysis primarily measures the concentration of substances like glucose, cholesterol, and proteins in the blood.
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) utilizes antibodies to detect specific proteins or hormones, making it valuable for diagnosing infections, hormone imbalances, and cardiac events.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) utilizes antibodies to detect specific proteins or hormones, making it valuable for diagnosing infections, hormone imbalances, and cardiac events.
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Study Notes
Sterilization, Disinfectants, and Antiseptics
- Sterilization: Killing all forms of microbes, including spores.
- Disinfectants: Antimicrobial agents applied to non-living objects to reduce pathogenic microorganisms.
- Antiseptics: Antimicrobial substances applied to living tissue to reduce infection risk, without damaging the tissue. Not all disinfectants are antiseptics; antiseptics must be less harsh.
Sterilization Methods
- Divided into chemical and physical methods.
-
Chemical Sterilization: Typically used for devices sensitive to high heat or irradiation (e.g., rubbers, plastics).
- Further divided into chemical liquid sterilization and chemical vapor sterilization.
-
Physical Sterilization: Uses physical agents to eliminate microorganisms from surfaces, equipment, and materials.
- Includes autoclaving (moist heat), dry heat sterilization, filtration, radiation, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Chemical Liquid Sterilization
- High-level disinfectants: Effective for a large number of spores and microbes after prolonged exposure. Examples include hydrogen peroxide (3-6%), and 70% ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol.
- Intermediate-level disinfectants: Effective against some spores but lower than high-level. Examples include enveloped viruses (HBV, HIV)
- Low-level disinfectants: Primarily effective against vegetative bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. Examples include Iodine 5 and 10%, and Providone-iodine.
Chemical Vapor Sterilization
- Chemical Vapor under pressure (Chemiclave): Uses a mixture of chemicals (alcohol, formaldehyde, ketone, acetone, water) heated under pressure to form a sterilizing gas. Requires 20 minutes at 131°C and 20 lbs pressure.
- Fumigation: Potassium permanganate mixed with formalin, in a specific ratio (2:3 w/v) for effective sterilization.
Physical Sterilization Methods
- Autoclaving (Moist Heat Sterilization): Uses pressurized steam at 121°C (250°F) for 15-20 minutes effective for sterilizing media, lab instruments, and biohazardous waste.
- Dry Heat Sterilization: Uses high temperatures (160-180°C) for a long duration in a dry heat oven, suitable for sterilizing metal instruments, glassware, and powders.
- Filtration: Removes microorganisms by passing liquids or air through filters with small pores (e.g., 0.2 microns). Useful for heat-sensitive liquids.
- Radiation (Ionizing Radiation): Using gamma rays or electron beams to break down DNA in microorganisms. Useful for sterilizing medical equipment, plastics, and pharmaceuticals
- Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Uses UV-C light (254 nm) to damage the DNA of microorganisms, preventing replication. Used for surface sterilization.
Additional Sterilization Methods
- Boiling: Water at 100°C (212°F) for 10-15 minutes kills some bacteria and viruses, but not spores.
- Incineration: Destroying contaminated materials by burning at high temperatures.
Diagnostics of Bacteria
- Microscopy: Techniques like Gram staining (Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative) and Acid-Fast staining (identifying Mycobacterium species) for classifying bacteria based on cell wall structure.
- Culture Methods: Using various media (Agar Plates, Broth Cultures) to promote bacterial growth and identification by observing colony morphology.
- Biochemical Testing: Methods like Catalase, Coagulase, Oxidase, and Urease tests to identify specific bacterial types based on enzyme presence.
- Automated Systems: Automated biochemical tests (VITEK and BD Phoenix) for faster bacterial identification.
- Molecular Methods: Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to detect bacterial DNA.
Blood Analysis
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): Automated machines (hematology analyzers) count blood cells, measure hemoglobin, and perform other parameters.
- Blood Smear Microscopy: Visualizes blood cells under a microscope to diagnose conditions like leukemia and anemia.
- Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Tests: Measures hemoglobin concentration and proportion of red blood cells (RBCs) to detect anemia.
- Blood Coagulation Tests: Tests like Prothrombin Time (PT) and Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) to assess blood clotting function.
Laboratory Safety
- First Aid: Keep first aid kits, eyewash stations, and showers readily available.
- Biochemical Hazards: Use proper storage and disposal of chemicals in accordance with safety measures.
- Biological Hazards: follow appropriate safety protocols, use biological safety cabinets and disinfect surfaces.
- General Safety: Adhere to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and maintain safety equipment.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts regarding sterilization, disinfectants, and antiseptics. It includes methods of chemical and physical sterilization, and offers insights into their applications in medical and laboratory settings. Test your knowledge on the differences and uses of these important antimicrobial practices.
