Sterile Product Theory - Exam Review

<p>Norovirus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccinations and good public health practices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nosocomial infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infections from contaminated equipment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malaria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pandemic involves multiple countries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Global travel patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tuberculosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>33% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures complete eradication of all microorganisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are used on inanimate surfaces where higher concentrations are tolerable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chemical agent used on living skin or mucous membranes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They achieve sterility without using heat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They typically occur in everyday environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bleach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To kill microorganisms on living skin or mucous membranes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are meant for direct application on skin or wounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor hygiene procedures and aseptic techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry heat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is time-consuming. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry heat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inhibit microbial growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>160-180°C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uses high pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can allow bacteria to resume growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is non-toxic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove particles and bacteria from liquids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To filter gases and solvents while repelling water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be absorbed through skin or stoppers of vials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50-80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides effective skin antisepsis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be corrosive and used minimally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They maintain contact with surfaces to extend their effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use in neonatal units. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aqueous solutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct mucous-to-mucous membrane contact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrointestinal infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inanimate objects that can transmit pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Areas must maintain positive pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring of air quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultra-clean with strict control measures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ceilings must be absorbent to reduce contaminants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased likelihood of infection transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compounding of sterile preparations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The complete eradication of harmful microorganisms.

Process using a disinfectant to reduce or inactivate disease-causing microorganisms.

A chemical agent that reduces the number of microorganisms on non-living surfaces.

A chemical agent used on living skin to kill microorganisms.

The process of using antiseptics on living surfaces to kill germs.

A chemical agent used to sterilize equipment without heat.

An infection caught outside a healthcare setting.

Methods that reduce/kill microorganisms without chemicals.

Infections acquired during a hospital stay, not present on admission.

Infections caused by medical treatment or procedures.

A disease regularly found in a specific area or group without disappearing.

A widespread disease affecting many countries globally.

A sudden increase in disease cases above the normal level in a specific area.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a type of bacterial infection.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, another type of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection.

Infections obtained during a stay in a healthcare facility; another name for nosocomial infections.

A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly in a population, with cases scattered and unpredictable.

A common nosocomial infection affecting the urinary system, typically caused by bacteria.

A type of bacteria commonly found as a cause of nosocomial infections, characterized by its spherical shape and ability to retain stain.

A type of bacteria that can cause infections in the intestines, urinary tract, and other parts of the body.

A group of bacteria that can cause infections in the urinary tract, bloodstream, and wounds. Some strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics.

A group of bacteria that can cause pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and other infections. Some strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics.

A method of sterilizing materials using hot air at high temperatures in an oven. It's suitable for heat-resistant materials like medical instruments.

A method of sterilization using steam or boiling water. It's effective and suitable for many medical instruments and materials.

A method of sterilization using pressurized steam at high temperatures. It's the most common method for sterilizing medical instruments and materials.

A method of preserving microorganisms and other biological materials by freezing them and then removing the water by vacuum.

A method of sterilizing liquids or gases by passing them through a filter with pores small enough to trap microorganisms.

A method of sterilizing materials using low temperatures like refrigeration or freezing. It's primarily used to inhibit microbial growth and not kill all microorganisms.

Factors contributing to the rise in infections are: the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens, failure to follow infection control guidelines, poor hygiene practices, overcrowding, lack of training, economic constraints, and increased use of immunosuppressant agents.

Filters used in aseptic compounding and administration of heat-sensitive drugs. They separate particles and contaminants from solutions. There are two main types: hydrophobic filters for non-aqueous solutions and hydrophilic filters for aqueous solutions.

Phenols are a class of chemicals used for low-level disinfection of inanimate objects like surfaces. They have strong anti-microbial activity but are corrosive and not suitable for use near food or in neonatal units.

Phenols disrupt the cell membranes of microorganisms, leading to their death. This makes them effective against a range of bacteria and fungi, but not against spores (dormant bacterial forms).

Alcohols are used as intermediate-level disinfectants for both inanimate objects and skin. They are effective against bacteria, fungi, and some viruses.

Alcohol is effective as a disinfectant at concentrations between 50-80%. Higher concentrations might be less effective as they evaporate quicker, reducing contact time.

Phenols have the advantage of leaving a residual film on surfaces, which prolongs their anti-microbial action. When combined with detergents, they offer one-step cleaning and disinfection.

Phenols have several disadvantages: they are corrosive, cannot be used in neonatal units or near food, and can be absorbed through skin or vial stoppers.

Membrane filters are categorized based on their interaction with water. Hydrophobic filters repel water and are used for non-aqueous solutions, while hydrophilic filters allow water to pass through and are used for aqueous solutions.

Spread of infection through direct physical contact with an infected person or their bodily fluids, such as skin-to-skin, mucous membrane contact, or kissing.

Spread of infection through tiny droplets of respiratory secretions released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or breathes.

Spread of infection through ingesting contaminated food, water, or surfaces with fecal matter, often due to poor sanitation or hygiene practices.

Spread of infection through contact with inanimate objects or surfaces contaminated with pathogens, such as stethoscopes, bedding, or surgical equipment.

A clean room is the primary workspace for sterile compounding, with ultra-clean conditions, while an anteroom acts as a buffer zone between uncontrolled areas and the clean room, ensuring personnel are properly prepared and reducing contamination.

Controlled rooms used for sterile compounding should be designed to prevent contamination, with features like positive pressure, smooth surfaces, and controlled access for specifically trained personnel.

Controlled rooms specifically designed for sterile compounding might include areas for personnel preparation, product compounding, product labeling, quality control, and documentation.

Surfaces in a controlled room must be smooth, impervious to water, free from cracks and crevices, non-porous, and resistant to damage caused by cleaning agents.

Positive pressure within a controlled room helps prevent contaminants from entering by pushing air out of the room, creating a barrier against external airborne particles.

Particle shedding items like cardboard and paper can release contaminants into the cleanroom environment, increasing the risk of contamination. These materials should be avoided.