Stem Cells: Properties, Types, and Distribution

• The presentation covers the characteristics, types, plasticity, sources of origin, and distribution of stem cells.
• The presentation was given by Eiva Bernotienė from Vilnius Tech on February 3, 2025, and is listed as Lecture I.
• The presentation is associated with the Regenerative Medicine Department at the State Research Institute "Innovative Medicine Center."

Updated Student Achievement Assessment Criteria:

• Coursework assessment accounts for 2 points (20%).
• Laboratory work accounts for 2 points (20%).
• Colloquium assessment accounts for 1 point (10%).
• Session exam assessment accounts for 5 points (50%).

Schedule 2025:

• February 3, 2025: Stem cell properties, types, plasticity, origins, sources, and distribution. The class will be in person .
• February 10, 2025: Adult human stem cells, their distribution (niches), and isolation from various body sites. Class will be online .
• February 17, 2025: Introduction to laboratory work; in person .
• February 24, 2025: Laboratory work session; in person.
• March 3, 2025: Stem cell research methods class will be online.
• March 10, 2025: Laboratory work/Stem cell differentiation research/colloquium ; in person.
• March 24, 2025: Bone marrow stem cell types and their properties/Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells and their potential uses. Class will be online.
• March 31, 2025: Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, their cultivation, transcription factors, targeted differentiation, and ethics. It will be online.
• April 7, 2025: Tissue engineering, organoids, and bioprinting, class will be online.
• April 14, 2025: Clinical stem cell research and application, ethics, and possibilities. Class will be online.
• Nanobiotechnology coursework submission date: May 5, 2025; in person.
• Bioengineering coursework submission date: May 12, 2025; in person.

Essay Requirements:

• The essay must correspond to and reveal the topic, which can be specified.
• Current information should be provided, with the majority of sources used being no older than 5 years, while some are from the past 3 years.
• A specific question regarding discoveries from the last 3-5 years must be included.
• The scope should be about 15 pages, encompassing all necessary parts: introduction, discussion, summary/generalization, conclusions, and references.
• Paraphrased statements, pictures, diagrams, tables, and everything else from other authors must be cited, indicating the original text.
• Vancouver/APA citation style should be used
• Any text that is not cited or cited incorrectly will be considered plagiarism.
• In such a case, the work will not be accepted, and the defense of such work is not allowed.
• Content created by artificial intelligence should be used sparingly, declared, and used in accordance with university rules.
• The submission deadline is April 30, 2024 with a penalty of -1 mark for late submissions and -1 more for each 3 or more days of delay.
• Nanobiotechnology essays should be presented/defended on May 5, 2025.
• Bioengineering essays should be presented/defended on May 12, 2025.
• The essay presentation should be 7 minutes in length.

Mission of Regenerative Medicine:

• Adapting scientific discoveries to restore lost tissues and create new therapies for various diseases.
• Plaurai, širdis, smegenys, kremzlė
• oda, žarnynas, kepenys
• Tissues regenerate because stem cells multiply and transform into lost cells.

Regenerative Medicine Market Growth in Japan (2012-2050):

• The global market for regenerative medicine is expected to grow to JPY 1 trillion (USD 9 billion) by 2020 and JPY 38 trillion (USD 345 billion) by 2050.

Main Targets of Stem Cell Therapy:

• Malignant blood disorders
• Heart diseases (MI, heart failure)
• Parkinson's disease
• Diabetes
• Crohn's disease
• Burns and other skin diseases
• Rheumatic diseases
• Various spinal cord injuries
• Corneal damage and other eye diseases
• Myopathies
• Peripheral artery occlusion
• AIDS
• Onkologiniai susirgimai; vakcinos
• Other serious, currently incurable diseases

Clinical Stem Cell Research Statistics:

• Clinical trials on stem cells in 2022-02-07: 8,952 studies
• Clinical trials on stem cells in 2023-02-06: 9,514 studies
• Clinical trials on stem cells in 2024-02-04: 10,130 studies.
• Clinical trials on stem cells as of 2025-02-01: 13,244 studies, about 3000 more than last year.

Stem Cell Definition:

• A stem cell can self-renew (copy itself) and differentiate (specialize).
• Stem cells have the ability to enable the body to grow, repair, and renew tissues.
• The body's stem cells help regenerate.

Stem Cell Key Characteristics:

• Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can renew themselves through cell division for long periods.
• Under specific physiological or experimental conditions, stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells.
• Stem cells do not perform specific functions until they undergo differentiation into specialized cells.

Stem Cell Division:

• Kamieninė ląstelė: atsinaujinimas, pluripotentinės, dalinasi retai, retos.
• Ląstelės pirmtakai: atsinaujinimas nevyksta, diferenciacija, multipotentinės, dalinasi sparčiai.
• Specializuotos ląstelės: atlieka funkciją, nesidaugina, gausios.

Types of Stem Cells Based on Origins:

• Embryonic stem cells (EKL).
• Tissue stem cells.
• Fetal stem cells.
• Adult stem cells.

Natural Types of Stem Cells by Origin:

• Embryonic stem cells (EKL) are formed when a fertilized egg begins to divide, giving rise to all types of cells that make up an adult organism.
• Discovered by Evans studie, 1981.
• Tissue stem cells are found in the bodies of fetuses, infants, and adults in already developed tissue and can participate in the renewal/replacement of lost structural cells.
• Stem cells have been found in almost all studied tissues, incluing brain, blood, skin etc.
• Unsuitable for laboratory experiments.

Three Key Facts About Stem Cells:

• Defining characteristics of a stem cell is its ability to self-renew and differentiate.
• Stem cells enable the body to grow, repair, and renew.
• Three types of stem cells:
• Tissue stem cells: found in the fetus and throughout life, giving rise to at least one type of specialized cell; blood stem cells found in bone marrow are an example.
• Embryonic stem cells: derived from cells inside a blastocyst, which the lab grows. These cells then grown in the lab are called embryonic stem cells
• Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS): Cell from the genetically reprogrammed body. Varying factors are added to differentiate the iPS cells into any cell types.
• Embryonic stem cells and iPS cells are pluripotent, generating all the body's specialized cells.

Tipai pagal diferenciacijos potencialą

• Totipotentinės: gali diferencijuoti visomis kryptimis tiek in vivo, tiek in vitro, pavyzdžiui, zigotos ląstelės (keli pirmi pasidalijimai, 4 dienos). Visagalės
• Pluripotentinės: gali diferencijuoti daugeliu audinių krypčių, pavyzdžiui, embrioninės kamieninės ląstelės. Daugiagalės
• Multipotentinės: gali diferencijuoti bendros kilmės audinio kryptimis, pavyzdžiui, hematopetinės KL (HSC) ir mezenchiminės KL (MSC). Daugiagalės
• Oligopotentinės: gali diferencijuoti į kelis ląstelių tipus, pavyzdžiui, mieloidinės kamieninės ląstelės.
• Unipotentinės: gali diferencijuoti tik į vieno tipo ląsteles, pavyzdžiui,. raumenų kamieninės ląstelės.

Categorization (Classification) Of Stem Cells:

• According to their differentiation they are classified as totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent, or oligopotent.
• According to their origin they are classified as derived from embryos, fetus, infants, or adults.

Types of Stem Cells Based on Origin:

• Embryonic stem cells (KL) are derived from in vitro fertilized eggs.
• Tissue stem cells (Audinių KL) include:
• Fetal stem cells:
• Fetus nu0 8 sav., iki gimimo
• Suaugusiųjų KL - Suaugusiųjų KL:
• Undifferentiated cells found in various adult tissue regions
• Modifikuotos (atjaunintos): iPKL- induced, Pluripotent kamieninės lasteles
• Vezines kamieninės lasteles.

Embryonic Stem Cells (KL):

• Are used for scientific tests and treatment.
• They are extracted from in vitro embryos.
• EKL is extracted 4-5 days/30-100 lasteliu.
• In Lithuania, the import and use of EKL is prohibeded.

Adult Stem Cells:

• Undifferentiated cells found in various post-natal tissues of the body that can turn into all the specialized types of cells, which are in that audinyje.
• Restores damaged tissues (mainly locally) by multiplying and differentiating.
• Multipotentines.
• A small number and unevenly allocated distribution.
• Plastic-differentiated with their embryonic lapelio ribose (rarely more).
• Klonogenines, T.y. From one cell from the genetically identical cell.
• There is also been no combined charactersization for KL.
• The count may be smaller ages.
• Location: Kaulų ciulpuose, Smegenyse and inaudinous material.
• The placental material will last.

Main Type of Adult Stern Cells:

• Kraujodaros kamieninės lasteles

• Mezenchimines

• Nervines kamienines lasteles

• Odos kamienines lasteles

• Raumens kamienines lasteles

• Zarnyno kamienines lasteles

• Kitu audiniu kamenines lasteles

• KL galincios atsinaujinti ir diferencijuotis (virsti) i riebalu, kremzles, kaulu raumenu Ir sausgysliu lasteles- Audiniu artimu jusalitiniu.

Autologous MKL Stimulates Skin Injury Healing Without Fibrosis:

• Pacientas atsitiktinai apsitinkintas; Keratinocitai neprigio; Vietines ex vivo pagausintu MKL injekcios Skausmas praejo po 1 sav.

• Išgijima po 29 dienu

• Based on origin there are five types of stem cells:

Skin Stem Cells KL

• Transplantation using epidermis.

Modified (Rejuvenated) KL *

• iPKL (induced Pluripotent Stem Cells)
• Other artificially created KL
• Cancerous (vėžinės) stem cells.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPKL):

• It's "genetinis perprogramavimas'= tam tikrų genų isodinimas i lasteles
• Induced pluripotent lasteles (IPL)Panasios I EKL
• It all the more specializuoti la Stellu tips Privalumas: nereikia embrionu!

Methods to obtain Pluripotent Stem Cells:

• Embrionines KL-isgaunamos is embrionu
• Somatiniu lasteliu branduolio perkēlimo lasteles- gaunamos idejus somatines lasteles branduolly oociteis (Sis metodas naudojamas retal...
• iPKL Gaunamos iterpiant transkripciijus faktorius į somelines lasteles ir per programavimun jas, Kad jo funkcionalu Kart Embriones lasteles.

Multipotent stem cells

šaltiniai- įvairūs audiniai 1+locations of Somatic stem cells body

Cultivation Requirements for Stem Cells:

• Special medium. Keiciama kas 2-3 dienas Specific culture of indai CO, incubator =5% CÒ,
• temperatūra 37'C, dregme, Eterili aplinka

Stem Cell Characterization Methods:

Prilipimas prie plastiko CFU

• proliferation migracija diffrerencija
• CD cluster of differentiation) -lasteliur pavirsiaus žymenų molekulee, baltymai receptorial. ligandai ir kt

As well as:

Ląsteles pažymime antikūnais prieš tiriamus žymenis – CD (cluster of differentiation) +SU jumtais su skirtingais

CD Surface Marks:

• CD4 of CD8 TCR*

Here is an example of Mezenchimines KL. .":

CD21458 CD1458CD3140 111 CD498 CO1 14, CD31-980-8034; CD31 CD110 CD19 3051:00 144: CD2509:21 CD4G DUSEN

How To Characterize and Recognize Tissue CL

• Fenotipiskal: Bagal forma, dydi, grudhetumai Vidulaštelini žymeny; funkciskai after diffenciacijos.
• nediferencijuotos neatlieka audinu KL. kloniškunnas "

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (KL M):

• Multipotentinės KL diferencijuoja mezodermos kryptimis (multipotentine KL differentiate in the direction of the mesoderm)
• This data was obtained from the bone or brain fluid..
• More on how to get this data, visit the link.

Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells:

• They demonstrate plastic adherent properties in normal culture conditions with a morphology resembling fibroblasts.
• Express surface markers and can undergo differentiation.

Stem Cell Isolation:

Gradientine Centrifugavimas arba Fermentinis išskyrimas

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MKL) Locations:

• Kaulu ciulpai
• Riebalinis audynis
• virkštele audiniai
• placenta audinys
• Amniono skystis
• Siriovija

MKL Išskyrimas Iš Audiniu (MKL Izoliavimas):

• MKL is isolated and then tested for bone, cartilage, and fat production.

Fat fabric

• MKL fat is used. Wartin Jelly KL MKL Venezualia is endolithile ki Endothelia In Me Virkšielès Kraujo ki MKL ır MKL

Isorija

• Gurton Gurnon • Lan Wilnut +Masato Tada a • Tames Tamsan

Key Historical Events in Stem Cell Research:

• 1868: Term "stem cell" first used.
• 1909: RusasAlexander maximow.
• 1957: E. Donnal Thomas
• 1961: KA Nulocas and J.E
• 4981: Martin Evans

Development of Stem Cell Theories and Discoveries:

• 1996: The beginning with Avel- 1986
• 1997 : leukemia is caused by cells that first take the time to develop, in cancer stem ceu

Cloning Experiments and Ethical Considerations

• 1997 Dominque Bonnet and Join Dic

• 2006 -Shinya YAMANAKA + Kazotoshi Takahashi and Nobelia Pre- 4012

Stem Cell Research and Ethical Debates:

• George W. Bush provides the state of a

• Barack Obama and others in the state

• The results and shut down the stem cell.

History of STAP

The start with -74 +Haruto Obokata+Kalecos C

Cloning

The start with -71 +Haruto Obokatat+Kalecos CH +I'S LOK

How is it possible to get the cloning?

• Reproduction of cloned lasties

Here is the history of cloning

+9013