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Questions and Answers
What impact did the addition of a costimulatory domain to CARs have on T cells?
What impact did the addition of a costimulatory domain to CARs have on T cells?
How are CAR-T cells prepared for infusion into a patient?
How are CAR-T cells prepared for infusion into a patient?
What type of cancers has CAR-T cell therapy shown significant potential in treating?
What type of cancers has CAR-T cell therapy shown significant potential in treating?
What is the main function of CARs on the surface of T cells?
What is the main function of CARs on the surface of T cells?
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What monitoring methods are used to evaluate the effectiveness of CAR-T cell therapy?
What monitoring methods are used to evaluate the effectiveness of CAR-T cell therapy?
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What concerns remain regarding the long-term performance of CAR-T cells?
What concerns remain regarding the long-term performance of CAR-T cells?
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As of now, how many commercial CAR-T products are approved?
As of now, how many commercial CAR-T products are approved?
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In which types of patients was a landmark observation made regarding CD19-redirected CAR-T cells?
In which types of patients was a landmark observation made regarding CD19-redirected CAR-T cells?
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What are the two defining properties of stem cells?
What are the two defining properties of stem cells?
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What role do telomeres play in stem cells?
What role do telomeres play in stem cells?
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Which cell types contribute to muscle growth and regeneration besides satellite cells?
Which cell types contribute to muscle growth and regeneration besides satellite cells?
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What happens to adult stem cells in response to physiological turnover or tissue damage?
What happens to adult stem cells in response to physiological turnover or tissue damage?
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How do progenitor cells differ from stem cells?
How do progenitor cells differ from stem cells?
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What is the primary function of telomerase in stem cells?
What is the primary function of telomerase in stem cells?
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Where have tissue-specific stem cells been identified?
Where have tissue-specific stem cells been identified?
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What mechanism do stem cells use to maintain a pool of themselves after activation?
What mechanism do stem cells use to maintain a pool of themselves after activation?
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What defines totipotent stem cells?
What defines totipotent stem cells?
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Which type of stem cells are primarily focused on for therapeutic applications?
Which type of stem cells are primarily focused on for therapeutic applications?
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What happens to pluripotent stem cells after a certain period of time?
What happens to pluripotent stem cells after a certain period of time?
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What is a characteristic of multipotent stem cells?
What is a characteristic of multipotent stem cells?
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What is a significant advantage of engineering CAR-T cells with a control mechanism?
What is a significant advantage of engineering CAR-T cells with a control mechanism?
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Which tactic is used by some clinics to falsely convey innovation in stem cell treatments?
Which tactic is used by some clinics to falsely convey innovation in stem cell treatments?
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How can stem cells be reverted to a pluripotent state?
How can stem cells be reverted to a pluripotent state?
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What role do multipotent stem cells play in the body?
What role do multipotent stem cells play in the body?
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How do clinics use listings on government websites like clinicaltrials.gov advantageously?
How do clinics use listings on government websites like clinicaltrials.gov advantageously?
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What ethical concern arises from companies publishing in predatory journals?
What ethical concern arises from companies publishing in predatory journals?
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Which statement accurately describes differentiated cells?
Which statement accurately describes differentiated cells?
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Why are multipotent stem cells considered difficult to isolate?
Why are multipotent stem cells considered difficult to isolate?
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What is a potential risk as described in a patient example related to stem cell treatments?
What is a potential risk as described in a patient example related to stem cell treatments?
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What issue is raised by the tactics used for promoting unproven stem cell treatments?
What issue is raised by the tactics used for promoting unproven stem cell treatments?
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Why might consumers be misled by superficial markers of scientific legitimacy?
Why might consumers be misled by superficial markers of scientific legitimacy?
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What underlying need drives the market for scientific legitimacy in medical treatments?
What underlying need drives the market for scientific legitimacy in medical treatments?
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What is primarily stimulated by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)?
What is primarily stimulated by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)?
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Which condition is characterized by hyperinflammation and an overwhelming immune response after CAR-T cell therapy?
Which condition is characterized by hyperinflammation and an overwhelming immune response after CAR-T cell therapy?
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Which of the following symptoms might indicate neurotoxicity as a side effect of CAR-T cell therapy?
Which of the following symptoms might indicate neurotoxicity as a side effect of CAR-T cell therapy?
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What key role does interleukin 6 play in the context of CAR-T cell therapy?
What key role does interleukin 6 play in the context of CAR-T cell therapy?
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What is typically observed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during acute neurotoxicity after CAR-T cell therapy?
What is typically observed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during acute neurotoxicity after CAR-T cell therapy?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with CAR-T cell-related neurotoxicity?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with CAR-T cell-related neurotoxicity?
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What is the role of perforin and granzymes in cancer treatment?
What is the role of perforin and granzymes in cancer treatment?
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Management of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis often involves which type of treatment?
Management of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis often involves which type of treatment?
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What is the primary therapeutic purpose of tocilizumab in the context of CAR-T cell therapy?
What is the primary therapeutic purpose of tocilizumab in the context of CAR-T cell therapy?
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What types of malignancies can develop as long-term adverse effects of CAR-T cell therapy?
What types of malignancies can develop as long-term adverse effects of CAR-T cell therapy?
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Which generation of CAR T cells includes a cytokine receptor to boost T cell survival?
Which generation of CAR T cells includes a cytokine receptor to boost T cell survival?
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What is a key feature of 2nd generation CAR T cells compared to the 1st generation?
What is a key feature of 2nd generation CAR T cells compared to the 1st generation?
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What is the significance of the incidence of second malignancies after CAR-T cell therapy?
What is the significance of the incidence of second malignancies after CAR-T cell therapy?
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Which component is found in the 3rd generation CAR T cells to enhance T cell activation?
Which component is found in the 3rd generation CAR T cells to enhance T cell activation?
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What is one engineering strategy to improve CAR-T cell therapies mentioned?
What is one engineering strategy to improve CAR-T cell therapies mentioned?
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What is a potential adverse effect mentioned after the administration of CAR-T cell therapy?
What is a potential adverse effect mentioned after the administration of CAR-T cell therapy?
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Study Notes
Stem Cell Therapy
- Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to proliferate and differentiate into various specialized cells.
- There are about 200 different types of specialized cells in the body, all originating from stem cells.
- Once a stem cell commits to a specific differentiation pathway, it can no longer become another cell type.
- Totipotent stem cells arise from a zygote and can differentiate into all tissue types and extraembryonic structures.
- Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) but not extraembryonic tissues.
- Multipotent stem cells differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a specific tissue.
- Adult stem cells reside in various tissues, responsible for repair and replacement.
- Stem cell niches are microenvironments that regulate stem cell maintenance and repair within tissues.
- Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) include embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
- iPSCs are derived from adult cells and can be used to create a range of specialized cells.
- SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer) is a method for creating cloned animals and creating stem cells.
- Stem cell therapies are used to treat various diseases, including diabetes, blood disorders, and certain cancers.
- Stem cells are used for drug testing and safety evaluations before clinical trials.
Pluripotent Stem Cells
- Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are cells that can differentiate into all three germ layers, which give rise to all cells in the body.
- They are distinguished by the expression of particular marker genes such as: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, cMyc, Nanog.
- Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) come from the inner cell mass of embryos and are self-renewing, pluripotent cells.
- iPSCs have been generated from the conversion of adult/somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells using transcription factors.
- PSCs are used to generate various cell types, including tissues needed for cell therapies and for various research purposes.
Stem Cell Therapy Applications
- Hematopoietic stem cells are used to treat blood disorders and cancers.
- Stem cells are used for diabetes treatment through beta-cell transplantation.
- Stem cells are used for age-related macular degeneration treatment.
- Stem cells are potentially used for other conditions, such as heart failure, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injury.
- Stem cells are used in drug testing to examine drug efficacy and safety before use in patients.
Cell Therapy Side Effects
- Autologous transplantation involves using the patient's own cells.
- Allogeneic transplantation uses cells from another donor.
- GVHD (graft-versus-host disease) can occur in allogeneic transplants and is the rejection of the recipient's tissues by the donor's immune system.
- Acute GVHD occurs within the first three months post-transplant.
- GVHD can involve several organs, and cause various effects including diarrhea, skin rashes, and liver problems.
- Chronic GVHD can develop after acute GVHD and is a more severe form.
CAR-T Cell Therapy
- CAR-T cell therapy involves extracting and modifying the patient's T cells and using them to fight cancer cells in a laboratory setting.
- The modifications aim to enable the T cells to identify and bind to cancer cells for destroying them.
- Serious side effects such as neurotoxicity, and cytokine release syndrome happen due to on-target, off-tumor effects.
- CAR-T cell use has yielded promising results in cancer therapy but there can be serious side effects that need cautious management.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of stem cells and their therapeutic potential. This quiz covers various types of stem cells, their differentiation capabilities, and their roles in tissue repair and regeneration. Test your understanding of totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells.