Stem Cell Therapy Overview
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Questions and Answers

What impact did the addition of a costimulatory domain to CARs have on T cells?

  • It made T cells less targeted towards cancer cells
  • It decreased the effectiveness of CAR-T therapy
  • It limited T cell survival
  • It improved T cell activation and cytotoxicity (correct)
  • How are CAR-T cells prepared for infusion into a patient?

  • They are genetically engineered and multiplied in a lab (correct)
  • They are extracted from the patient’s tumors
  • They are derived from blood donations
  • They are created from stem cells
  • What type of cancers has CAR-T cell therapy shown significant potential in treating?

  • Hematological malignancies (correct)
  • Solid tumors
  • Neurodegenerative diseases
  • Benign tumors
  • What is the main function of CARs on the surface of T cells?

    <p>To recognize and bind to cancer cell antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What monitoring methods are used to evaluate the effectiveness of CAR-T cell therapy?

    <p>CT scans, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concerns remain regarding the long-term performance of CAR-T cells?

    <p>Behavior of CAR-T cells over extended periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of now, how many commercial CAR-T products are approved?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which types of patients was a landmark observation made regarding CD19-redirected CAR-T cells?

    <p>Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two defining properties of stem cells?

    <p>Self-renewal and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do telomeres play in stem cells?

    <p>They maintain the self-renewal ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell types contribute to muscle growth and regeneration besides satellite cells?

    <p>Pericytes and immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to adult stem cells in response to physiological turnover or tissue damage?

    <p>They become activated and begin to divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do progenitor cells differ from stem cells?

    <p>Progenitor cells are committed to differentiate into specific target cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of telomerase in stem cells?

    <p>To prolong the lifespan of cell divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where have tissue-specific stem cells been identified?

    <p>In various organs including the brain and heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do stem cells use to maintain a pool of themselves after activation?

    <p>They utilize symmetric and asymmetric cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines totipotent stem cells?

    <p>They can differentiate into all cell types, including extraembryonic tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cells are primarily focused on for therapeutic applications?

    <p>Pluripotent stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pluripotent stem cells after a certain period of time?

    <p>They become multipotent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of multipotent stem cells?

    <p>They give rise to a limited range of cells within a specific tissue type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of engineering CAR-T cells with a control mechanism?

    <p>It provides a method to deactivate T cells when necessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tactic is used by some clinics to falsely convey innovation in stem cell treatments?

    <p>Filing patent applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can stem cells be reverted to a pluripotent state?

    <p>Using chemical compounds or transcription factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do multipotent stem cells play in the body?

    <p>They reside in tissues for repair and replacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do clinics use listings on government websites like clinicaltrials.gov advantageously?

    <p>To suggest their treatment has completed extensive clinical testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical concern arises from companies publishing in predatory journals?

    <p>It can create a false sense of scientific credibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes differentiated cells?

    <p>They perform specific functions in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are multipotent stem cells considered difficult to isolate?

    <p>They are rare and usually grown in specific environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk as described in a patient example related to stem cell treatments?

    <p>Spending large sums on procedures with serious risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue is raised by the tactics used for promoting unproven stem cell treatments?

    <p>They may mislead consumers into trusting unproven therapies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might consumers be misled by superficial markers of scientific legitimacy?

    <p>They often lack the expertise to evaluate scientific claims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying need drives the market for scientific legitimacy in medical treatments?

    <p>The need for clinical and scientific validation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily stimulated by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)?

    <p>Production of white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by hyperinflammation and an overwhelming immune response after CAR-T cell therapy?

    <p>Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms might indicate neurotoxicity as a side effect of CAR-T cell therapy?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key role does interleukin 6 play in the context of CAR-T cell therapy?

    <p>Regulates immune responses and drives inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during acute neurotoxicity after CAR-T cell therapy?

    <p>Elevated protein levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with CAR-T cell-related neurotoxicity?

    <p>Coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of perforin and granzymes in cancer treatment?

    <p>Directly kill cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Management of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis often involves which type of treatment?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic purpose of tocilizumab in the context of CAR-T cell therapy?

    <p>To block IL-6 signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of malignancies can develop as long-term adverse effects of CAR-T cell therapy?

    <p>T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation of CAR T cells includes a cytokine receptor to boost T cell survival?

    <p>5th generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of 2nd generation CAR T cells compared to the 1st generation?

    <p>They include an additional costimulatory domain such as CD28</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the incidence of second malignancies after CAR-T cell therapy?

    <p>It highlights the risk of T-cell cancers post-therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is found in the 3rd generation CAR T cells to enhance T cell activation?

    <p>Two costimulatory domains like CD28 and 4-1BB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one engineering strategy to improve CAR-T cell therapies mentioned?

    <p>Enhancing their ability to differentiate between cancerous and healthy cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect mentioned after the administration of CAR-T cell therapy?

    <p>Development of certain types of T-cell cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Stem Cell Therapy

    • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to proliferate and differentiate into various specialized cells.
    • There are about 200 different types of specialized cells in the body, all originating from stem cells.
    • Once a stem cell commits to a specific differentiation pathway, it can no longer become another cell type.
    • Totipotent stem cells arise from a zygote and can differentiate into all tissue types and extraembryonic structures.
    • Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) but not extraembryonic tissues.
    • Multipotent stem cells differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a specific tissue.
    • Adult stem cells reside in various tissues, responsible for repair and replacement.
    • Stem cell niches are microenvironments that regulate stem cell maintenance and repair within tissues.
    • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) include embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
    • iPSCs are derived from adult cells and can be used to create a range of specialized cells.
    • SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer) is a method for creating cloned animals and creating stem cells.
    • Stem cell therapies are used to treat various diseases, including diabetes, blood disorders, and certain cancers.
    • Stem cells are used for drug testing and safety evaluations before clinical trials.

    Pluripotent Stem Cells

    • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are cells that can differentiate into all three germ layers, which give rise to all cells in the body.
    • They are distinguished by the expression of particular marker genes such as: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, cMyc, Nanog.
    • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) come from the inner cell mass of embryos and are self-renewing, pluripotent cells.
    • iPSCs have been generated from the conversion of adult/somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells using transcription factors.
    • PSCs are used to generate various cell types, including tissues needed for cell therapies and for various research purposes.

    Stem Cell Therapy Applications

    • Hematopoietic stem cells are used to treat blood disorders and cancers.
    • Stem cells are used for diabetes treatment through beta-cell transplantation.
    • Stem cells are used for age-related macular degeneration treatment.
    • Stem cells are potentially used for other conditions, such as heart failure, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injury.
    • Stem cells are used in drug testing to examine drug efficacy and safety before use in patients.

    Cell Therapy Side Effects

    • Autologous transplantation involves using the patient's own cells.
    • Allogeneic transplantation uses cells from another donor.
    • GVHD (graft-versus-host disease) can occur in allogeneic transplants and is the rejection of the recipient's tissues by the donor's immune system.
    • Acute GVHD occurs within the first three months post-transplant.
    • GVHD can involve several organs, and cause various effects including diarrhea, skin rashes, and liver problems.
    • Chronic GVHD can develop after acute GVHD and is a more severe form.

    CAR-T Cell Therapy

    • CAR-T cell therapy involves extracting and modifying the patient's T cells and using them to fight cancer cells in a laboratory setting.
    • The modifications aim to enable the T cells to identify and bind to cancer cells for destroying them.
    • Serious side effects such as neurotoxicity, and cytokine release syndrome happen due to on-target, off-tumor effects.
    • CAR-T cell use has yielded promising results in cancer therapy but there can be serious side effects that need cautious management.

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    Related Documents

    Stem Cell Therapy Lecture 9 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of stem cells and their therapeutic potential. This quiz covers various types of stem cells, their differentiation capabilities, and their roles in tissue repair and regeneration. Test your understanding of totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells.

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