Statistics Unit 1 Quiz

Study Notes

Statistics is defined as the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to support effective decision-making.
Distinction between sample and population is key; a sample is a subset, while a population includes all members.
Inferential statistics draws conclusions about populations based on samples, unlike descriptive statistics which summarizes data characteristics.
A parameter is a numerical characteristic of a population, while a statistic is a numerical characteristic of a sample.
Qualitative data categorizes non-numeric descriptions, while quantitative data includes numeric measurements.
Discrete data consists of distinct, separate values; continuous data can take any value within a range.
Data types include:
- Nominal: categorical data without a specific order.
- Ordinal: categorical data with a clear order.
- Interval: numeric data without a true zero point.
- Ratio: numeric data with a true zero allowing for comparisons.

Statistics aids in understanding phenomena, allowing interpretation of data for scientific or practical purposes.
Statistical inquiry planning is crucial for effective data collection and analysis.
Data visualization techniques (tables, diagrams, graphics) enhance comprehension of complex information.
Significant in business for accurate decision-making related to customer demand and production.
Central to economics; informs national accounts and economic indicators.
In mathematics, statistics refines measurements using various statistical methods.
Banking relies on statistics for predicting deposit behaviors and managing claims.
Governmental decisions are made based on statistical data, emphasizing its importance in public administration.
Accounting requires precise statistical measures for valuing assets.
Natural and social sciences utilize statistics for experiment analysis and significance testing.
Astronomy, a historical field of statistics, involves measurements of celestial bodies.

Census records from the Han Dynasty (AD 2) reveal early statistical efforts.
Girolamo Cardano in the 1500s calculated probabilities, influencing risk assessment.
Edmund Halley in the 1600s developed mortality tables relating age to death rates.
Thomas Jefferson oversaw the first U.S. Census in the 1700s.
The American Statistical Association was founded in 1839, enhancing statistical practices.
Karl Pearson introduced the term "standard deviation" in 1894.
Sir Ronald Fisher (1890-1962) contributed significantly to experimental design and population genetics, establishing modern statistical methodologies.

Statistics involves methodical approaches for conducting inquiries to ensure reliability and validity of data.

Variables are observable characteristics categorized as qualitative (non-numeric, visualized in charts) or quantitative (numeric).
Discrete variables have specific values with gaps, while continuous variables can take any value within a range.

Measurement levels impact data analysis accuracy, where variables might correspond to nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scales.

Raw data remains in its original form, while an array organizes data sequentially from highest to lowest or vice versa. For example:
- Raw Data: 23, 34, 45, 23, 27, 30, 50, 45, 47, 19
- Array: 19, 23, 23, 27, 30, 34, 45, 45, 47, 50