Statistics Scale Measurement

Scales of Measurement

• In the ordinal scale, both classification and order are present.
• The interval scale provides a measure of the extent to which a person or object possesses some characteristics.
• The ratio scale has a true zero point.

Cognitive Dissonance

• The inconsistency between attitude and behavior is known as cognitive dissonance.

Types of Questions

• Closed-ended questions have specific, limited-alternative responses and ask respondents to choose the one closest to their own viewpoint.
• Open-ended questions allow respondents to answer freely.

Measurement Scales

• The Likert scale provides only two options and is known as a dichotomous scale.
• The category scale indicates attitudes by checking how strongly respondents agree or disagree with statements.

Research Process

• The research process starts with observation.
• The next step after identifying important variables and establishing logical reasoning in the theoretical framework is to conduct surveys.
• A pilot study is a test in which the researcher gives the questionnaire to a few respondents to try out for actual data collection.

Reliability and Validity

• Cronbach Alpha is used to assess the reliability of an instrument.
• The reliability score ranges from 0.5 to 0.9, and a score of 0.8 is considered good.
• A researcher needs to revise or replace an instrument if the reliability score is below 0.7.
• Validity can be measured through several methods like content, criterion, and construct validity.

Research Proposal

• A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project.
• The introduction section describes the research participants in detail.
• The literature review section is intended to describe the purpose with a full statement of the research question.

Qualitative Methods

• Qualitative methods are probably the oldest of all scientific techniques.
• The method of qualitative research is depth interview.

Quantitative Problem Statement

• A good quantitative problem statement defines the independent and dependent variables, specifies a research hypothesis, and specifies the relationship between variables.

Research Paper

• A research paper is a brief report of research work based on primary and secondary data.
• The method section of the research plan typically specifies the research participants, design, instruments, and materials for the research study.