Statistics in Research Methods

Calculating Mean

• Mean is a measure of central tendency, calculating the average of a set of data points.

Correlational Studies

• Correlational studies examine relationships between variables.
• They do not establish cause-and-effect.

Ethical Considerations

• Ethical guidelines are essential in research, protecting participants' rights.

Experiment

• Experiments are used to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

How to Read Graphs and Charts

• Graphs and charts visually represent data, often in a way that is more easily understood.

Independent vs. Dependent Variables

• Independent variables are manipulated in experiments.
• Dependent variables are measured in experiments and are affected by the independent variable

Meta-Analysis

• Meta-analysis combines findings from multiple studies.

Reading Standard Deviation

• Standard deviation indicates the spread of data around the mean.

Statistically Significant

• Statistically significant results are unlikely to have occurred by chance.

Autobiographical Memory

• Autobiographical memory refers to recall of personal experiences.

Available Heuristics

• Heuristics are mental shortcuts used for decision-making.

Closure

• Closure is a perceptual tendency to complete incomplete figures.

Context-Dependent Memory

• Memory retrieval is better when the context of encoding and retrieval matches.

Creativity

• Creativity involves original thinking and problem-solving.

Distributed Practices

• Distributed learning over time improves memory retention.

Divergent Thinking

• Divergent thinking involves generating many different ideas.

Elaborate Rehearsal

• Elaborate rehearsal involves linking new information to existing knowledge to improve memory.

Encode, Store, Retrieve

• These are the three stages of memory (encoding, storing, retrieving).

Fixed Mindset

• Fixed mindset views abilities as static and unchangeable.

Inattentional Blindness

• Inattentional blindness is failing to notice something obvious due to focus on something else.

Linear Perspective

• Linear perspective is a depth cue where parallel lines appear to converge in the distance.

Loftus Research on Eyewitness and Leading Questions

• Loftus' research shows how leading questions can influence eyewitness testimony.

Maintenance Rehearsal

• Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.

Method of Loci

• Method of loci is a memory aid using familiar locations to remember items.

Mnemonic Strategies

• Mnemonic strategies aid in memory improvement.

Perceptual Set

• Perceptual set influences how we interpret sensory information.

Priming

• Priming involves activating related concepts to influence perception and behavior.

Proactive Interference

• Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with the learning of new information.

Recall vs. Recognition Cues

• Recall requires retrieving information without cues; recognition uses cues to identify information.

Schemas and Culture

• Schemas are mental frameworks influenced by culture.

Selective Attention

• Selective attention involves focusing on a specific stimulus.

Semantic Encoding

• Semantic encoding is storing information based on meaning.

Sensory-STM-LTM

• Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory are stages of memory.

Serial Positioning (Primacy and Recency)

• Primacy and recency effects refer to better recall of items at the beginning and end of a list.

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

• Tip of the tongue phenomenon is the feeling of knowing something but inability to retrieve it.

IQ Scores, Role of Culture/Social Factors

• Culture and social factors can influence IQ scores.

Intelligence Tests and Their Use – Bias

• Intelligence tests can be biased, affecting their validity.

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in statistics relevant to research methods, including mean, correlation, and experimental design. Understand how to interpret graphs and charts, recognize independent and dependent variables, and the importance of ethical considerations in research. Test your knowledge on meta-analysis and statistical significance.