Statistics Exam: Fundamentals and Concepts

Here are the study notes:

• Statistics Exam*

Basis of Statistics

• Basis of the subject of statistics: studying interactions in statistics

Statistical Observation

• Types of non-general observation: current, monograph, one-time, period, sampling
• Statistical observation: collecting and analyzing data to understand phenomena

Commodity Turnover

• Formula to calculate commodity turnover per capita: T = V/C (where T is commodity turnover per capita, V is total commodity turnover, and C is population)
• Formula to calculate number of inventory turnover: n = V/T (where n is number of inventory turnover, V is total commodity turnover, and T is commodity turnover per capita)
• Formula to calculate duration of turnover: t = D/n (where t is duration of turnover, D is number of days, and n is number of inventory turnover)

Average Values

• Formula to calculate weighted average: x̄ = (Σxi)/n (where x̄ is weighted average, xi is value of each item, and n is number of items)
• Types of average values: arithmetic mean, harmonic mean, quadratic mean, geometric mean

Birth Rate and Death Rate

• Formula to calculate birth rate: Rb = (N × 1000)/S (where Rb is birth rate, N is number of births, and S is population size)
• Formula to calculate death rate: Rd = (M × 1000)/S (where Rd is death rate, M is number of deaths, and S is population size)

Migration

• Formula to calculate migration rate: Rm = ((I - E) × 1000)/S (where Rm is migration rate, I is number of immigrants, E is number of emigrants, and S is population size)
• Types of migration: internal migration, external migration

Correlation and Regression

• Methods to study interaction in statistics: analytical grouping, graphical method, regression-correlation
• Formula to calculate correlation coefficient: not provided

Measurement Scales

• Types of variables: categorical, numerical (discrete, continuous)
• Types of numerical variables: discrete, continuous

Other Concepts

• Coefficient of workforce number
• Absence turnover rate
• Total employee turnover rate
• Economically inactive population: persons under 15 years old, pensioners, housewives engaged in family duties, etc.
• Labour resources: able-bodied population in the working age### Statistics and Economics
• Labor Productivity Index: measures the changes in the productivity of labor
  • Formula: (Output / Labor Hours) × 100
• Commodity Turnover Index: measures the changes in the physical volume of commodity turnover
  • Formula: (Physical Volume of Turnover / Base Period) × 100
• Price Index: measures the changes in prices of commodities
  • Formula: (Current Price / Base Period Price) × 100
• Physical Volume Index: measures the changes in the physical volume of commodity production
  • Formula: (Current Volume / Base Period Volume) × 100
• Aggregate Price Index: measures the changes in the general price level of a basket of commodities
  • Formula: (Sum of Price Relatives / Number of Commodities) × 100
• Depreciation: the decrease in value of an asset over time
  • Methods: Straight-Line Method, Declining Balance Method, Sum of Years' Digits Method
• Acceptable Weight: the weight of a product that is acceptable for sale
• Fat Content: the percentage of fat in milk
• Random Sample: a set of items drawn from a population, where each item has an equal chance of being selected
• Correlational Method: a statistical method to analyze the relationship between variables
• Measure of Central Tendency: a statistical measure that describes the middle value of a distribution (Mean, Median, Mode)
• Range: the difference between the highest and lowest values in a distribution
• Frequency Polygon: a graphical representation of a frequency distribution
• Variance: a measure of the spread of a distribution
• Continuous Variable: a variable that can take on any value within a certain range or interval### Average Value of Equipment
• To calculate the average value of equipment over a 1-year period, consider the values at different periods: 70,000 (1 Jan), 75,000 (1 Mar), 62,000 (1 July), and 70,000 (1 Aug).
• The correct answer is A. 71,000.

Deviation of Error in Sampling

• The formula to calculate the deviation of error in sampling is: μ ± √(σ₀²/n) × (1 - n/N).
• The correct answer is A.

Program-Methodological Section

• The program-methodological section consists of observation object, observation unit, and proceeding unit.
• The correct answer is A.

Labor Productivity

• Scientific and technical progress has a greater influence on the increase in labor productivity.
• The correct answer is A.

Aggregate Price Index

• The aggregate price index is calculated by a specific formula (not provided in the text).

Grouping

• Quantity and quality signs can be taken as a sign of grouping.
• The correct answer is A.

Type of Grouping

• In typical grouping, the quality characteristics form the basis of grouping.
• The correct answer is A.

Graphic Image

• A graphic image is a set of points, lines, and figures describing statistical indicators.
• The correct answer is A.

Maximum Limit of Sampling Error

• The maximum limit of sampling error is calculated by the formula: Δ = t × √(σ₀²/n).
• The correct answer is A.

Descriptive Statistic

• "Smoking increases your chance of dying of lung cancer by 37%" is not a descriptive statistic.
• The correct answer is A.

Study to Measure a Small Effect

• Increasing the sample size will increase the chance of detecting the effect.
• The correct answer is A.

Sample Size and Power of a Statistical Test

• If you increase the sample size in a survey, the power of a statistical test will increase.
• The correct answer is A.

Method of Studying Interactions

• The balance method is used to study interactions in statistics.
• The correct answer is B.

Statistical Table

• The statistical table is an example of the balance method of studying interactions in statistics.
• The correct answer is B.

Study of Relationships

• The analytical clustering method is used to study relationships between components of events.
• The correct answer is C.

GDP in Azerbaijan

• The GDP in Azerbaijan in 2022 was 93.8 billion manats.
• The correct answer is D.

Share of Agriculture in GDP

• The share of agriculture in GDP was 11.5% in 2022.
• The correct answer is E.

GDP in Azerbaijan (2023)

• The GDP in Azerbaijan in 2023 was not specified in the text.

Population Census

• Demographic indicators, educational indicators, economic indicators, households, and family relationships are important components of population census.
• The correct answer is E.

Method to Calculate GDP

• The Expenditure Method, Output Method, and Income Method are used to calculate GDP in Azerbaijan.
• The correct answer is C.