Psyc Personality, Chapter 2

A questionnaire where individuals provide information about themselves.

Participants might answer in a way that makes them look good, even if it's not true.

Tendency to agree with almost everything on a questionnaire.

Questions phrased in an opposite direction to help detect response biases.

Using someone else's observations to assess a person's traits, instead of their own reports.

A structured conversation with a participant to gather detailed information about their experiences, traits, or behaviors.

Observing someone's actions, either by recording them or asking them to self-report.

Data collected from historical records, such as school or medical records.

Tests with ambiguous stimuli designed to reveal hidden motives or unconscious thoughts.

Measurements of bodily responses, like brain activity, hormone levels, or heart rate.

A statistical measure of inter-rater reliability. It represents the agreement between two raters on a categorical judgment, considering the possibility of random agreement.

The extent to which a scale or test actually measures the intended construct.

A type of validity that assesses whether a measure appears to measure the intended construct. For example, a test of anxiety should include questions that seem related to anxiety.

A type of validity that assesses whether a measure predicts relevant outcomes. For example, a test of conscientiousness should predict academic performance.

A type of validity that assesses whether a measure correlates with other measures of the same construct. For example, two different tests of extraversion should be positively correlated.

A type of validity that assesses whether a measure does not correlate with unrelated constructs. For example, a test of extraversion should not be correlated with measures of intelligence.

A research method that combines multiple methods to measure personality. It is used to ensure convergent validity by correlating results across different measures.

A type of research design examining relationships between variables. Limitations include an inability to establish causation and susceptibility to confounding variables.

A type of research design that identifies cause-and-effect relationships. Key features include random assignment, independent, and dependent variables.

The average of all data points in a dataset.

A statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1.00 to +1.00, with positive values indicating a positive relationship, negative values indicating a negative relationship, and 0 indicating no relationship.

Represents the strength of a correlation. It can be weak (0 to ±0.3), moderate (±0.3 to ±0.6), or strong (±0.6 to ±1.0).

A statistical value that indicates whether a correlation is likely due to chance or a real relationship between variables.

A p-value less than 0.05 suggests that the correlation is statistically significant, meaning it is unlikely to have occurred due to chance.

A p-value less than 0.01 suggests a very high level of statistical significance, further minimizing the possibility of the correlation occurring due to chance.

A p-value less than 0.001 indicates a very highly significant correlation, suggesting a very strong and unlikely to be random association between variables.

A p-value greater than 0.05 suggests the correlation is not statistically significant, meaning the observed relationship could be due to random variability.

A type of self-report questionnaire where participants rate their agreement with statements on a numerical scale, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

Research that relies on observing and recording data in natural settings, without manipulating variables. It can be used to understand real-world behavior and relationships between variables.

One variable increases as the other increases.

One variable increases as the other decreases.

There's no relationship between the two variables.

A correlation that is unlikely to have occurred by chance, with a P-value less than 0.05 indicating a statistically significant relationship.