Statistics Chapter 8: Sampling

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Questions and Answers

What type of qualitative interview allows the interviewer to explore topics that arise during the conversation?

Semi-Structured (correct)

Matrix

Structured

Contingency

Which of the following is NOT a type of observer in field observation?

Complete participant

Observer as participant

Complete observer

Reflexive participant (correct)

What does reflexivity refer to in qualitative research?

The researcher's subjectivity and interpretation of information (correct)

The analysis of previously collected data

The objective measurement of data

The relationship between the participant and researcher

Which method of data collection in field research involves observing behavior without any interaction?

Complete observer Signup and view all the answers

How is content analysis defined in research methods?

Looking at a class of cultural artifacts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a strength of qualitative field research?

High validity in measuring behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What type of agency record includes crime data and statistics that are publicly available?

Published Statistics Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the generalizability of qualitative research findings?

They can produce findings not seen in other contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of probability sampling?

To ensure each element in a population has an equal chance of being selected. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sampling uses categories to ensure representation from different groups?

Stratified sampling Signup and view all the answers

What does purposive sampling rely on?

Judgment and the specific purpose of the study. Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method involves using a list of elements from the population?

Sampling frame Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the National Crime Victimization Survey?

To represent the nationwide population of people aged 12 and older living in households. Signup and view all the answers

What is systematic sampling?

Selecting participants at regular intervals from a list. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods ensures a sample's total characteristics match those of a population?

Quota sampling Signup and view all the answers

What type of survey directly asks individuals about their experiences with victimization?

Targeted victim survey Signup and view all the answers

What type of content refers to the visible surface content in content analysis?

Manifest content Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes evaluation research?

A research purpose aimed at assessing the effectiveness of an intervention Signup and view all the answers

In what type of design is treatment integrity crucial for ensuring the reliability of an experimental intervention?

Randomized evaluation designs Signup and view all the answers

What does the policy process include when discussing inputs and outputs?

Inputs refer to resources needed, while outputs are the means to achieve goals Signup and view all the answers

What kind of analysis did Nanci and Rana conduct to understand vehicle theft in Chula Vista?

Comparative analysis with other southern California cities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hybrid sources is true?

They combine new data collection with everyday agency activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of problem analysis in criminal justice?

To assist public officials in selecting from alternative future actions Signup and view all the answers

What is true about interrupted time-series designs in research?

They often face challenges in ensuring consistent treatment reliability Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 8: Sampling

Sampling is the process of selecting observations.
Probability sampling ensures each individual in a population has an equal chance of selection.
Sampling bias occurs when a sample isn't fully representative of the larger population.
Equal probability of selection methods ensure the sample closely matches population characteristics.
Sample element refers to the individuals or items studied.
Population refers to the specific group being studied.
Population parameters are the population's values for a specific variable.
Sample statistics describe a variable in a sample, used to estimate population parameters.
Random selection is a key sampling method.
The purpose of sampling is to accurately represent a population's parameters.
Sampling distribution describes the range of sample statistics if multiple samples are taken.
Sampling frame is a list of elements within the population.
Probability sampling designs connect population and sampling frame.

Types of Sampling

Simple random sampling: Elements are assigned numbers and chosen randomly.
Systematic sampling: Elements are systematically chosen from a list.
Stratified sampling ensures appropriate numbers are drawn from subsets of a population.
Multistage cluster sampling involves repeated steps of listing and sampling.
Purposive sampling selects participants based on researcher judgment and study purpose.
Quota sampling selects units to match population's characteristic distribution.
Snowball sampling involves identifying participants through existing participants.

Chapter 9: Survey Research

Counting crime data collection involves asking people about victimization.
Self-report methods study crime etiology and perceptions.
Perceptions and attitudes toward crime and CJ policy are studied.
Targeted victim surveys evaluate policy success.

Chapter 10: Qualitative Interviewing

First-hand accounts provide understanding of roles and identities.
Qualitative interviews capture richness of human experience and approaches to learning.
Structured interviews use standardized questions, while semi-structured interviews allow for flexibility.
Probes are techniques to encourage elaboration on participant responses.
Reflexivity involves acknowledging researcher subjectivity and the assigned meaning to information.

Chapter 11: Field Observation

Field research has direct observation and interviewing methods.
Ethnography emphasizes detailed descriptions.
Different observer types include complete participant, participant-as-observer, observer-as-participant, and complete observer.
Recording observations (videotaping, photography) helps document "before" and "after" events.
Field observation methods have strengths (flexibility, validity) and weaknesses (reliability, generalization).

Chapter 12: Agency Records, Content Analysis

Agency records (published statistics, non-public records, new data) are used in studies.
Secondary analysis uses previously collected data.
Researchers often analyze content using content analysis.
Agency records frequently support descriptive or explanatory studies.

Chapter 13: Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis

Evaluation research focuses on the purpose rather than a specific method.
Problem analysis helps policymakers choose actions.
Policy interventions aim for specific results.
Evidence-based policy connects justice agency actions to evaluation results.

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Explore the fundamental concepts of sampling in statistics with this quiz. Understand the principles of probability sampling, sampling bias, and the importance of representing a population accurately. Test your knowledge on sampling methods and parameters.