Statistics Chapter 8: Sampling
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Questions and Answers

What type of qualitative interview allows the interviewer to explore topics that arise during the conversation?

  • Semi-Structured (correct)
  • Matrix
  • Structured
  • Contingency

Which of the following is NOT a type of observer in field observation?

  • Complete participant
  • Observer as participant
  • Complete observer
  • Reflexive participant (correct)

What does reflexivity refer to in qualitative research?

  • The researcher's subjectivity and interpretation of information (correct)
  • The analysis of previously collected data
  • The objective measurement of data
  • The relationship between the participant and researcher

Which method of data collection in field research involves observing behavior without any interaction?

<p>Complete observer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is content analysis defined in research methods?

<p>Looking at a class of cultural artifacts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a strength of qualitative field research?

<p>High validity in measuring behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of agency record includes crime data and statistics that are publicly available?

<p>Published Statistics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the generalizability of qualitative research findings?

<p>They can produce findings not seen in other contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of probability sampling?

<p>To ensure each element in a population has an equal chance of being selected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sampling uses categories to ensure representation from different groups?

<p>Stratified sampling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does purposive sampling rely on?

<p>Judgment and the specific purpose of the study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method involves using a list of elements from the population?

<p>Sampling frame (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the National Crime Victimization Survey?

<p>To represent the nationwide population of people aged 12 and older living in households. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is systematic sampling?

<p>Selecting participants at regular intervals from a list. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods ensures a sample's total characteristics match those of a population?

<p>Quota sampling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of survey directly asks individuals about their experiences with victimization?

<p>Targeted victim survey (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of content refers to the visible surface content in content analysis?

<p>Manifest content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes evaluation research?

<p>A research purpose aimed at assessing the effectiveness of an intervention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of design is treatment integrity crucial for ensuring the reliability of an experimental intervention?

<p>Randomized evaluation designs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the policy process include when discussing inputs and outputs?

<p>Inputs refer to resources needed, while outputs are the means to achieve goals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of analysis did Nanci and Rana conduct to understand vehicle theft in Chula Vista?

<p>Comparative analysis with other southern California cities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hybrid sources is true?

<p>They combine new data collection with everyday agency activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of problem analysis in criminal justice?

<p>To assist public officials in selecting from alternative future actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about interrupted time-series designs in research?

<p>They often face challenges in ensuring consistent treatment reliability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sampling

The process of selecting a portion of a population to study.

Probability Sampling

A sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of selection.

Sampling Bias

When a sample does not accurately represent the population it came from.

Sampling Distribution

The range of possible values a sample statistic can take on if many samples are selected.

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Population

The entire group being studied.

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Simple Random Sampling

Each member has an equal probability of selection; often done using random number generation.

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Survey Research

Collecting data by asking people questions.

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Purposive Sampling

Selecting a sample based on the researcher's judgment.

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Open-ended Question

A question that allows the respondent to provide their own answer, rather than choosing from a set of options.

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Closed-ended Question

A question that provides a list of possible answers for the respondent to choose from, making data collection easier to manage and analyze.

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Qualitative Interview

An interviewing method designed to explore people's experiences, feelings, and perspectives in depth using open-ended questions.

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Reflexivity

In qualitative research, taking into account one's own biases and perspectives when analyzing data to avoid introducing personal bias or assumptions into the work.

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Field Research

A research method that involves observing subjects in their natural settings.

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Ethnography

Descriptive study focusing on detailed data collection in a culture to understand social groups and behavior.

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Agency Records

Data collected by governmental organizations, which researchers can use for studying social trends or issues.

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Content Analysis

Analysis of collected data to recognize or classify patterns in their underlying information.

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Hybrid Source

Combining new data (observations, interviews) with existing agency data.

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Content Analysis: Manifest Content

Analyzing the evident, surface-level information in a text or source.

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Content Analysis: Latent Content

Analyzing the underlying, implied meaning in a text or source.

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Evaluation Research

Research focusing on evaluating a planned or existing program, policy, or intervention.

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Problem Analysis

Analyzing a problem to inform decisions about future actions.

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Policy Intervention

Actions taken to achieve a specific intended outcome.

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Evidence-Based Policy

Using research evidence to guide decisions and actions by justice agencies.

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Randomized Evaluation Design

A design to minimize selection bias by randomly assigning participants to groups.

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Study Notes

Chapter 8: Sampling

  • Sampling is the process of selecting observations.
  • Probability sampling ensures each individual in a population has an equal chance of selection.
  • Sampling bias occurs when a sample isn't fully representative of the larger population.
  • Equal probability of selection methods ensure the sample closely matches population characteristics.
  • Sample element refers to the individuals or items studied.
  • Population refers to the specific group being studied.
  • Population parameters are the population's values for a specific variable.
  • Sample statistics describe a variable in a sample, used to estimate population parameters.
  • Random selection is a key sampling method.
  • The purpose of sampling is to accurately represent a population's parameters.
  • Sampling distribution describes the range of sample statistics if multiple samples are taken.
  • Sampling frame is a list of elements within the population.
  • Probability sampling designs connect population and sampling frame.

Types of Sampling

  • Simple random sampling: Elements are assigned numbers and chosen randomly.
  • Systematic sampling: Elements are systematically chosen from a list.
  • Stratified sampling ensures appropriate numbers are drawn from subsets of a population.
  • Multistage cluster sampling involves repeated steps of listing and sampling.
  • Purposive sampling selects participants based on researcher judgment and study purpose.
  • Quota sampling selects units to match population's characteristic distribution.
  • Snowball sampling involves identifying participants through existing participants.

Chapter 9: Survey Research

  • Counting crime data collection involves asking people about victimization.
  • Self-report methods study crime etiology and perceptions.
  • Perceptions and attitudes toward crime and CJ policy are studied.
  • Targeted victim surveys evaluate policy success.

Chapter 10: Qualitative Interviewing

  • First-hand accounts provide understanding of roles and identities.
  • Qualitative interviews capture richness of human experience and approaches to learning.
  • Structured interviews use standardized questions, while semi-structured interviews allow for flexibility.
  • Probes are techniques to encourage elaboration on participant responses.
  • Reflexivity involves acknowledging researcher subjectivity and the assigned meaning to information.

Chapter 11: Field Observation

  • Field research has direct observation and interviewing methods.
  • Ethnography emphasizes detailed descriptions.
  • Different observer types include complete participant, participant-as-observer, observer-as-participant, and complete observer.
  • Recording observations (videotaping, photography) helps document "before" and "after" events.
  • Field observation methods have strengths (flexibility, validity) and weaknesses (reliability, generalization).

Chapter 12: Agency Records, Content Analysis

  • Agency records (published statistics, non-public records, new data) are used in studies.
  • Secondary analysis uses previously collected data.
  • Researchers often analyze content using content analysis.
  • Agency records frequently support descriptive or explanatory studies.

Chapter 13: Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis

  • Evaluation research focuses on the purpose rather than a specific method.
  • Problem analysis helps policymakers choose actions.
  • Policy interventions aim for specific results.
  • Evidence-based policy connects justice agency actions to evaluation results.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of sampling in statistics with this quiz. Understand the principles of probability sampling, sampling bias, and the importance of representing a population accurately. Test your knowledge on sampling methods and parameters.

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