Statistics Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

A frequency distribution is?

  • A tabular summary of a data set showing the relative frequency
  • A graphical form of representing data
  • A graphical device for presenting qualitative data
  • A tabular summary of a data set showing the frequency of items in each of several non-overlapping classes (correct)

The sum of frequencies for all classes will always equal?

  • A value between 0 and 1
  • The number of classes
  • 1
  • The number of items in a data set (correct)

The relative frequency of a class is computed by dividing?

  • The frequency of the class by the number of data items (correct)
  • The cumulative frequency of the class by the number of data items
  • The frequency of the class by the number of classes
  • The percent frequency of the class by the number of data items

The sum of the relative frequencies for all classes will always equal?

<p>One (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cumulative relative frequency distribution shows?

<p>The proportion of data items with values less than or equal to the upper limit of each class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bar charts and pie charts are used to summarize?

<p>Nominal and ordinal data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In constructing a frequency distribution for quantitative data, the approximate class width is computed as?

<p>(Largest data value - smallest data value) / (number of classes) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A histogram is a graphical presentation of?

<p>A frequency or relative frequency distribution of quantitative data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tabular method that can be used to summarize the data on two variables simultaneously is called?

<p>Cross-tabulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A situation in which conclusions based upon aggregated cross-tabulation are different from not aggregated cross-tabulations is known as?

<p>Simpson's paradox (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A graphical presentation of the relationship between two quantitative variables is?

<p>A scatter diagram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship is depicted in the following scatter diagram?

<p>A negative relationship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship is depicted in the following scatter diagram?

<p>No apparent relationship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refer to Exhibit 2-1. The proportion (fraction) of business students working 9 hours or less is?

<p>0.05 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refer to Exhibit 2-1. The cumulative relative frequency for the 20-29 class is?

<p>0.75 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refer to Exhibit 2-1. The percentage of business students working at least 10 hours per week is?

<p>95% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refer to Exhibit 2-2. What percentage of the students does not plan to go to graduate school?

<p>65 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refer to Exhibit 2-2. What proportion of the students' undergraduate major is engineering?

<p>0.365 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refer to Exhibit 2-2. Of those students who are majoring in business, what percentage plans to go to graduate school?

<p>27.78 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refer to Exhibit 2-2. Among the students who plan to go to graduate school, what proportion indicated 'Other' majors?

<p>0.45 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you know regarding Exhibit 2-1?

<p>Frequency distribution and bar graph, relative frequency distribution and pie chart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Frequency Distribution

  • A frequency distribution summarizes data in tabular form by showing frequencies for non-overlapping classes.
  • The total of all frequencies equals the number of items in the data set.

Relative Frequency

  • Relative frequency is calculated by dividing the class frequency by the total number of data items.
  • The sum of all relative frequencies for classes equals one (1).

Cumulative Relative Frequency

  • A cumulative relative frequency distribution indicates the proportion of data items with values less than or equal to the upper limit of each class.

Graphical Representations

  • Bar charts and pie charts are suitable for summarizing nominal and ordinal data.
  • A histogram presents the frequency or relative frequency distribution of quantitative data.

Class Width in Frequency Distribution

  • To determine the approximate class width, divide the range of data (largest value - smallest value) by the number of classes.

Cross-Tabulation

  • Cross-tabulation is a method to simultaneously summarize data on two variables.

Simpson's Paradox

  • Simpson's paradox occurs when conclusions from aggregated cross-tabulation differ from disaggregated cross-tabulations.

Scatter Diagram

  • A scatter diagram visually represents the relationship between two quantitative variables, indicating types of relationships:
    • Negative relationship: downward sloping points.
    • No apparent relationship: points scattered without a discernible pattern.

Data Interpretation from Exhibits

  • Key proportions and percentages related to business students:
    • Proportion working 9 hours or less: 0.05.
    • Cumulative relative frequency for the 20 - 29 class: 0.75.
    • Percentage working at least 10 hours: 95%.
  • Understanding proportions from specific majors:
    • Proportion of students majoring in engineering: 0.365.
    • Among business majors, percentage planning to attend graduate school: 27.78.
    • Proportion of students planning to attend graduate school who indicated "Other" majors: 0.45.

Exam Preparation

  • Review how to construct frequency distributions and bar graphs.
  • Understand how to create relative frequency distributions and pie charts using examples from test banks.

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