Statistics: Causation and Lurking Variables

Questions and Answers

What is a lurking variable?

A variable that is among the explanatory variables

A variable not included in analysis that could affect interpretation (correct)

A variable that is always significant in statistical studies

A variable that directly influences the response variable

A lurking variable is always confounded with the response variable.

False

What does the phrase 'association does not imply causation' mean?

An observed association between two variables doesn't mean one causes the other.

Whenever including a lurking variable causes us to rethink the direction of an association, this is an instance of ______.

<p>Simpson's paradox</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can including a lurking variable in analysis affect our understanding of data?

<p>It can either deepen our understanding or lead us to rethink associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lurking Variables

A lurking variable is not present among the main variables in a study but can significantly influence interpretations of relationships.
These variables can complicate the understanding of how explanatory and response variables interact.

Confounding

When a lurking variable overlaps with an explanatory variable, it is said to be confounded, making it difficult to separate their effects on the response variable.

Causation vs. Association

Observing a link between two variables does not guarantee a causal connection; correlation does not equate to causation.

Simpson's Paradox

Simpson's paradox occurs when the inclusion of a lurking variable alters the perceived strength or direction of a relationship between variables.

Summary Insights

A lurking variable, if omitted from analysis, can reshape the interpretation of data significantly.
Understanding the role of lurking variables reinforces the idea that correlation doesn't imply causation.
Including these variables can refine our grasp of variable relationships or reveal contradictions, exemplified in situations like Simpson's paradox.

Description

Explore key concepts related to causation and lurking variables in statistics with these flashcards. Understand how lurking variables can affect relationships between explanatory and response variables. This quiz will enhance your grasp of statistical analysis and interpretation.