Statistics and Sensory Concepts Quiz

Physical conditions monitoring = Electronically measuring reaction and behavior Correlation coefficient = Degree of relationship between two variables Coincidence = Strong correlation does not imply causation Predictions = Requires more than one study for direction

Mean = The average value of a set of numbers Median = The midpoint of a data set Mode = The value that appears most frequently Standard deviation = Measure of score variability in groups

Correlation coefficient = Indicates relationship strength Coincidence = Suggests caution in interpretations Predictions = Depend on multiple studies for validation Standard deviation = Reflects distribution of data scores

<p>Mean = Used to find the average outcome Median = Useful for understanding central tendency Mode = Helps identify frequently occurring scores Standard deviation = Aids in comparing variance between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical conditions monitoring = Assessing effects of interventions Analysis of correlation = Understanding variable relationships Statistical measures = Summarizing and interpreting data Predictive analysis = Guiding future experimental designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Adaptation = Sensory receptors grow accustomed to constant, unchanging stimuli Attention Level = The focus on specific stimuli over others Expectation = Anticipating a particular outcome based on prior knowledge Context = The environment or situation affecting perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clairvoyance = Ability to perceive objects or information without using main senses Telepathy = Reading minds or transferring one's thoughts Psychokinesis = Moving objects by using mental effort Precognition = Ability to foretell events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wet Socks = Common household items Goldfish = Animals TV = Electronics Clown = Entertainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Individual = Personal characteristics affecting perception Attention Level = Degree to which one focuses on stimuli Context = Surrounding conditions affecting interpretation Expectation = Beliefs influencing perception outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dog = Pet Deer = Wild animal Mouse = Rodent Lobster = Seafood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intensity = How forceful the stimulus is Size = Large or small Movement = Degree of ROM and speed Novelty = The 'newness' of a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absolute Threshold = The least detectable stimulus required for awareness Difference Threshold = Ability to notice changes in stimulus intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rods = React to light Cones = Enable color and fine detail Spatial Orientation = Information about body movement and position Touch = Sensation of temperature, pressure, and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hearing = Includes pitch, loudness, and timbre Smell = Detection of airborne chemicals Taste = Detection of chemical substances in food Touch = Sensation detected all over the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensation = Process of becoming aware of a stimulus Absolute Threshold = Minimum detectable stimulation level Movement = Degree of range of motion Repetition = Frequency of stimulus occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependent variable = Behavior being observed/measured Independent variable = Things being controlled to see effects on the dependent variable Variable = Anything that can change or impact a study Blind study = Participants do not know the purpose of the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal = Subjects are studied periodically for a number of years Cross-sectional = Participants are chosen from a variety of groups Case-in-depth = In-depth studying of individuals to learn factors influencing their development Double-blind = Both the participant and experimenter do not know the purpose of the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-Reporting = Researchers ask participants about their behavior and experiences Observation = Studies take place in the participant's natural environment Surveys = Pros: easy &amp; quick; Cons: participants can lie Interviews = Pros: limitless detail; Cons: time-consuming</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Naturalistic Observation = Studies take place in the participant's natural environment Self-Reporting = Participants disclose their behavior and experiences Survey = Collects data efficiently but may have dishonest responses Interview = Allows for detailed responses but requires significant time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal study = Focus on changes over time Cross-sectional study = Focus on comparisons among different groups Case study = Focus on a detailed analysis of individuals Blind study = Focus on reducing biases in research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infancy (Birth - 9 months) = A child has all of its senses from birth. Toddlerhood (1-8 yrs old) = Muscle development and learning of body functions. Preschool (3-6 yrs old) = Learning complex activities (running, writing). Primary School (6-9 yrs old) = Skills improve but at a slower rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years) = Coordination of sensory and motor activity. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) = Thinking is centered on one's own point of view. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years) = Logical thinking for problem-solving. Formal Operational Stage (12+ years) = Abstract thinking and forming hypotheses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychology = The study of human behavior and mental processes Theory = A statement of a general principle for explaining phenomena Bias = An unfavorable tendency that impacts accuracy of experiments Placebo = A treatment with no intended medical effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0-2 years = Coordination of sensory and motor activity. 3-6 years = Mastering fine motor skills. 6-9 years = Growth spurts. 1-8 years = Learning of body functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimenter bias = Thoughts/actions of the experimenter affecting data accuracy Participant bias = Thoughts/actions of a participant impacting experimental validity Selection bias = Unintended influence from participant selection in experiments Measurement bias = Errors introduced by the measurement method</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infancy = Development happens over time rapidly. Toddlerhood = Learning of body functions. Preschool = Mastering fine motor skills. Primary School = Skills improve but at a slower rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Color preference = Demographics gravitate toward certain colors Drug addiction = Substance use leading to dependency Placebo effect = Perceived positive response to a non-effective treatment Confirmation bias = Interpreting information in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 1: Sensorimotor = Understanding objects that are still there when not in sight. Stage 2: Preoperational = Language development. Stage 3: Concrete Operational = Logical thinking for problem-solving. Stage 4: Formal Operational = Thinking about thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Careful selection = Ensuring participants are appropriate for the study Diversity of participants = Considering a wide range of people for general theories Random assignment = Minimizing bias in participant groups Sample size = Increasing statistical power and validity of results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlation = Statistical relationship between two variables Causation = Indicates one event is the result of another event Empirical evidence = Data gained through observation and experiments Hypothesis = A testable prediction based on theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical Conditioning = Association of a stimulus with a response Operant Conditioning = Behavior connected with a reward or punishment Generalization = Responding similarly to similar stimuli Extinction = When a learned response decreases or disappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Counter-conditioning = Changing a negative response to a positive one Desensitization = Gradual exposure to reduce response to a stimulus Flooding = Forcing contact with a feared stimulus Repetition = Reinforcing a behavior through consistent practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Timing = Determining when to apply a stimulus Discrimination = Responding differently to distinct stimuli Reinforcement = Strengthening a desired behavior Extinction = Loss of a learned behavior due to lack of reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>School Bell in Classical Conditioning = Leaving the classroom Positive Reinforcement = Giving a reward for good behavior Negative Reinforcement = Removing an unpleasant stimulus when a desired behavior occurs Conditioned Response = Fear of a dog after being bitten</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extinction = The diminishing of a conditioned response Repetition = Critical for retaining learned responses Generalization = Treating multiple similar stimuli the same way Discrimination = Identifying differences between similar stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decay = Memory fades over time Interference = Older memories block new information Amnesia = Inability to remember due to brain damage Repression = Selective forgetting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proactive = Older memories block the memorization of new information Retroactive = New information blocks the recall of older information Cue-dependent forgetting = Inability to retrieve information due to insufficient cues State-dependent = Tendency to remember in the same state as when learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Source Amnesia = Inability to distinguish between original experience and learned information Confabulation = Confusion of an event that happened or believing an event that never existed Replacement = New memories replace older ones Interference = New information blocking older memory recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decay = Memory deteriorates over time Amnesia = Result of brain damage or drugs Cue-dependent forgetting = Need for cues to retrieve information Repression = Forgetting certain memories intentionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interference = Blocks new learning or older recall State-dependent = Memory retrieval based on emotional or physical state Decay = Gradual loss of memory Confabulation = Misremembering or fabricating experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcement = Reward or punishment influencing behavior Cognitive Learning = Organizing information and forming associations Observational Learning = Learning by watching others' behaviors TOTE Learning = Process of testing and operating towards a goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive Reinforcement = Encourages particular behaviors through rewards Shaping = Reinforcing behaviors similar to target behavior Negative Reinforcement = Encouraging behavior by removing a negative stimulus Punishment = Discouraging behavior through consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding Behavior = Necessary for accurate imitation Imitation without Understanding = Can occur without comprehension of the behavior Learning from Models = Watching and replicating the behaviors of others Cognitive Processing = Involves insight and problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meaningfulness = Importance of the information to the learner Transfer = Ability to apply learned knowledge in new situations Chemical Influence = Impact of neurotransmitters on learning processes Behavioral Shaping = Refining behaviors through systematic reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Test = Determine if the goal is met Operate = Engage in actions to achieve the goal Test again = Reassess progress towards the goal Exit = Cease operations once the goal is achieved</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encoding = Recording information Storage = Process of retaining information Retrieval = Process of recalling information in memory Chunking = Grouping items for easier recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Memory = Lasts a fraction of a second Short-Term Memory = Contains about 7 items Long-Term Memory = Amount of data stored is very large Semantic Memory = Knowledge, rules, concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Memory = Less than a second Short-Term Memory = Less than 20 seconds if not rehearsed Long-Term Memory = Potentially a lifetime Working Memory = Seconds to minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rehearsal = Repeating information to retain it Chunking = Breaking down large information into smaller units Maintenance Rehearsal = Holding information actively in mind Elaborative Rehearsal = Connecting new information to existing knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memories can be altered = Accuracy of recall may vary Preventing overwhelming data = Facilitates decision making How much we remember is surprising = Potential for improved learning Remembering things if you like them = Influences emotional connection to memories</p> Signup and view all the answers