Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which statistical technique measures central tendency and variance?
Which statistical technique measures central tendency and variance?
- Correlational techniques
- Inferential techniques
- Comparative techniques
- Descriptive techniques (correct)
What does the Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation (r) measure?
What does the Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation (r) measure?
- The mean of two continuous variables
- The variance of a single variable
- The strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables (correct)
- The demographic information of a population
Which sampling method involves participants selecting themselves to be part of the study?
Which sampling method involves participants selecting themselves to be part of the study?
- Random sampling
- Stratified random sampling
- Convenience sampling (correct)
- Snowball sampling
What is the primary purpose of inferential statistics?
What is the primary purpose of inferential statistics?
Which of the following software is not typically used for statistical analysis?
Which of the following software is not typically used for statistical analysis?
What is the range of values for Pearson's correlation coefficient?
What is the range of values for Pearson's correlation coefficient?
Which statistical technique would be most appropriate to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups?
Which statistical technique would be most appropriate to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups?
Which statement accurately describes descriptive statistics?
Which statement accurately describes descriptive statistics?
What is the formula for calculating effect size?
What is the formula for calculating effect size?
Which of the following values corresponds to a small effect size?
Which of the following values corresponds to a small effect size?
When planning research, which of the following should be considered?
When planning research, which of the following should be considered?
How can effect size calculations be validated when reading a research paper?
How can effect size calculations be validated when reading a research paper?
What does a very small sample size in research typically influence?
What does a very small sample size in research typically influence?
Which component is NOT essential to report in the analyses of research results?
Which component is NOT essential to report in the analyses of research results?
What role does power play in a statistical analysis?
What role does power play in a statistical analysis?
What is the purpose of a research purpose statement in a traditional thesis format?
What is the purpose of a research purpose statement in a traditional thesis format?
If a study reports a power analysis was done, what does this suggest?
If a study reports a power analysis was done, what does this suggest?
What is meant by probability in the context of equally likely events?
What is meant by probability in the context of equally likely events?
Which of the following best describes an independent variable?
Which of the following best describes an independent variable?
What does the term 'alpha' refer to in statistical testing?
What does the term 'alpha' refer to in statistical testing?
Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable?
Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable?
What distinguishes a control variable from an extraneous variable?
What distinguishes a control variable from an extraneous variable?
What does the null hypothesis typically represent?
What does the null hypothesis typically represent?
Why is it important to determine a critical value before conducting a statistical test?
Why is it important to determine a critical value before conducting a statistical test?
What is required for a research hypothesis to be considered valid?
What is required for a research hypothesis to be considered valid?
What is a null hypothesis?
What is a null hypothesis?
What is power in the context of hypothesis testing?
What is power in the context of hypothesis testing?
Why might some published papers omit operational definitions?
Why might some published papers omit operational definitions?
When considering varying alpha levels, what must researchers weigh?
When considering varying alpha levels, what must researchers weigh?
What is the purpose of the alternative hypothesis?
What is the purpose of the alternative hypothesis?
What are delimitations in a research study?
What are delimitations in a research study?
What can be inferred if the absolute value of the test statistic exceeds the critical value?
What can be inferred if the absolute value of the test statistic exceeds the critical value?
Which reasoning style does Sherlock Holmes primarily use?
Which reasoning style does Sherlock Holmes primarily use?
What is the primary goal of deductive reasoning as exemplified by Inspector Lindley?
What is the primary goal of deductive reasoning as exemplified by Inspector Lindley?
What is the first step in conducting a literature search?
What is the first step in conducting a literature search?
What method is suggested for conducting computer-aided literature searches?
What method is suggested for conducting computer-aided literature searches?
What is NOT a component of a comprehensive literature review?
What is NOT a component of a comprehensive literature review?
Which statement best describes Schmidt’s schema theory?
Which statement best describes Schmidt’s schema theory?
Why is it important to include complete and correct citations when recording literature?
Why is it important to include complete and correct citations when recording literature?
What is an effective strategy to narrow or expand a literature search?
What is an effective strategy to narrow or expand a literature search?
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Study Notes
Week 3 Lecture Part 2: Statistics and Research Evaluation
- Probability: Equally likely events have equal chances (e.g., coin toss, die roll).
- Relative frequency observes how often an event occurs within trials, typically aligning with theoretical probabilities over numerous trials.
- Alpha (Type I Error): Set risk level for incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis, often 0.05 or 0.01.
- Beta (Type II Error): Probability of not rejecting a false null hypothesis; relates to the study's power.
- Meaningfulness is analyzed through effect size, assessing the practical significance of findings.
- Power: Probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis, dependent on alpha, effect size, and sample size.
Hypothesis Testing
- Null Hypothesis: Assumes no effect or relationship exists.
- Alternative Hypothesis: Reflects the expected outcome, indicating a difference or relationship.
- Critical Value: The threshold compared to the test statistic; if exceeded, the null hypothesis is rejected.
Reporting Statistical Results
- Include the test statistic value, probability of obtaining it by chance, and effect size when presenting results.
- Effect Size (ES): Standardized difference between two means, calculated as ES = (M1 – M2) / s. Classifications: 0 (no difference), 0.2 (small), 0.5 (medium), 0.8 (large).
- Contextualize findings within theory and practice.
Research Planning Considerations
- Gather essential information: alpha, effect size, power, and sample size.
- Sample size influences significance; a large sample can show small differences as significant, while a small sample can distort results.
Reading and Analyzing Research
- Sample sizes, means, and standard deviations help calculate effect sizes.
- Utilize tools like Power Calculator or G*Power for power analysis estimations.
Key Considerations
- Power, alpha, and sample size directly affect the likelihood of finding significant results.
- Ensure accurate reporting and control for multiple comparisons and variability.
Week 3 Lecture Part 1: Statistical Concepts
- Statistics interpret observations objectively, establishing significance and effect magnitude.
- Types of statistics include descriptive (includes measures of central tendency and variance), correlational (explores relationships), and differences between groups.
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
- Descriptive statistics summarize the sample; inferential statistics make population inferences.
- Sampling strategies: random, stratified random, voluntary, convenience, and snowball sampling.
Variables in Research
- Independent Variables: Factors manipulated to observe effects (e.g., treatment type).
- Dependent Variables: Outcomes measured to assess independent variable effects (e.g., body fat percentage).
- Categorical Variables: Non-manipulable characteristics (e.g., age, sex).
- Control Variables: Factors controlled to prevent influencing results (e.g., medication, diet).
Hypotheses in Research
- Research Hypotheses: Expected outcomes based on theory; must be testable.
- Null Hypotheses: No statistically significant relationships or differences expected.
Literature Review Process
- Identify a clear problem statement to guide your literature search.
- Use secondary sources for background and establish keywords for effective searching.
- Conduct searches across multiple databases and carefully record primary source information.
- Organize the literature review into an introduction, body, and conclusion, addressing critical studies.
Tutorial Notes
- Required 80% attendance to complete classes.
- Always prepare by reading the assigned journal article in advance.
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