Statistical Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of an abstract in a scientific paper?

  • To summarize key points of the paper (correct)
  • To provide a detailed methodology of the study
  • To discuss the implications of the findings
  • To present the results in full detail

Which type of study compares individuals with a disease to those without it?

  • Cross Sectional Study
  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Case-Control Study (correct)
  • Cohort Study

What defines a causal relationship in research?

  • A situation where one factor can be determined as the cause of another (correct)
  • An inability to prove that one variable affects another
  • A correlation between two variables observed in a single moment
  • A systematic variation of a single variable without any controls

What does a confounding variable do in an experiment?

<p>It complicates the interpretation of the independent variable's effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a controlled, randomized experiment?

<p>It allows researchers to infer causation from the data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'degrees of freedom' in a study?

<p>The number of observations minus constraints placed on them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a cross-sectional study primarily involve?

<p>A single observation to determine variable relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the variable that is expected to change in an experiment?

<p>Dependent Variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a double-blind experiment?

<p>To keep both participants and treatment allocators unaware of group assignments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the independent variable represent in an experimental study?

<p>The variable that researchers control and manipulate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, what does incidence refer to?

<p>The number of new cases occurring in a population over a specific time frame. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a Gantt chart?

<p>A visual representation of a project timeline and progress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prototype in the context of design?

<p>A preliminary full-scale working model for testing design concepts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of statistically significant results?

<p>There is a meaningful difference greater than what might be expected by chance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a paired t-test?

<p>It assesses the means of two groups of matched pairs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does standard deviation measure in a data set?

<p>The consistency of scores around the mean. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a prospective cohort study, what characteristic is commonly used to group individuals?

<p>Differences in a particular behavior or condition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor in health studies?

<p>A factor that increases the likelihood of developing a disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Abstract

A written summary of the key points, especially of a scientific paper.

Alternative Hypothesis

What the experimenter thinks may be true or wishes to be true before beginning an experiment. Also called the research hypothesis.

Case-Control Study

A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to as controls.

Causal Relationship

A relationship in which one factor can be said to be the cause of another. This relationship can be tested with controlled experiments.

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Cohort Study

A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed individuals (individuals who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease.

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Confounding Variable

A variable that is not accounted for in the experimental design, varies systematically with the dependent variable, and prevents a clear interpretation of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

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Controlled, Randomized Experiment

The most powerful experimental design because it allows for the inference of causation. The participants are randomly chosen from a population and randomly assigned to one of two (or more) groups, usually an experimental group that receives some treatment and a control group that receives a placebo.

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Correlation

The degree of relationship between two variables.

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Design Process

A systematic problem-solving strategy used to develop and choose the best solution for a problem or need.

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Double-Blind Experiment

A type of experiment where neither the participant nor the researcher knows who receives the treatment or control.

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Epidemiology

The study of disease patterns in populations.

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Experimental Study

A study where the researcher controls all variables, manipulating the independent variable to observe changes in the dependent variable.

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Gantt Chart

A chart that visually shows progress over time, commonly used for project planning and tracking.

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Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease appearing within a specific period in a population.

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Independent Variable

The variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.

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Prospective Cohort Study

A research study that follows two groups with differing characteristics over time, comparing them for a specific outcome.

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Prototype

A full-scale working model used for testing the design, allowing adjustments and observations.

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Replication

The repeated ability to achieve the same results in an experiment, confirming the validity of a hypothesis.

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Study Notes

Statistical Concepts

  • Alternative Hypothesis: The experimenter's anticipated outcome, often referred to as the research hypothesis.
  • Correlation: Measures the relationship strength between variables.
  • Degrees of Freedom: A parameter calculated by subtracting constraints from the number of observations or groups.
  • Dependent Variable: The measured outcome influenced by the independent variable. Also called the response variable.
  • Independent Variable: The manipulated variable in an experiment, also called the treatment variable.
  • Mean: The average of a group of scores.
  • Median: The midpoint of a score distribution, with half of scores above and half below.
  • Mode: The most frequent score in a distribution.
  • P Value: The probability of experimental results arising by chance.
  • Standard Deviation: A measure of data variability around the mean.
  • Statistically Nonsignificant: Results likely due to chance, accepting the null hypothesis.
  • Statistically Significant: Results exceeding chance occurrences; observed differences are unlikely due to random variation.
  • ‘Student’s’ t-test: A statistical test contrasting means of two independent groups.
  • Paired t-test: A test comparing means of two groups with matched participants.

Research Methods

  • Case-Control Study: Comparing individuals with a disease to those without.
  • Cohort Study: Tracking exposed and non-exposed groups over time to study disease incidence.
  • Confounding Variable: A variable affecting results, unrelated to the independent variable’s effect.
  • Controlled, Randomized Experiment: A powerful design where participants are randomly assigned to groups (experimental and control).
  • Cross-Sectional Study: A research method observing variables simultaneously.
  • Experimental Study: A method controlling variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
  • Observational Study: Observing individuals or outcomes without affecting factors.
  • Prospective Cohort Study: Following similar groups with differing characteristics over time.

Experiment Design

  • Double-Blind Experiment: Neither participants nor researchers know treatment allocation.
  • Single-Blind Experiment: Participants unaware of treatment group assignment.

General Research Terms

  • Causal Relationship: A relationship where one factor directly causes another.
  • Criteria: Standards for judging or deciding.
  • Design: A process for planning resources into products or systems.
  • Design Process: Systematic problem-solving to select the best solutions.
  • Epidemiology: The study of disease distribution and control.
  • Gantt Chart: A tool for illustrating project progress over time.
  • Innovation: A newly introduced method or device.
  • Incidence: The rate of new cases of a disease.
  • Prototype: A working model for testing a design concept.
  • Replication: The ability to reproduce scientific results in different studies.
  • Risk Factor: A factor increasing susceptibility to a condition.
  • Triage: Sorting patients by urgency in an emergency setting.

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Description

Test your understanding of fundamental statistical concepts, including terms like alternative hypothesis, correlation, and degrees of freedom. This quiz will challenge you to apply your knowledge of statistical measures and their importance in research and data analysis.

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