Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of an abstract in a scientific paper?
What is the primary purpose of an abstract in a scientific paper?
Which type of study compares individuals with a disease to those without it?
Which type of study compares individuals with a disease to those without it?
What defines a causal relationship in research?
What defines a causal relationship in research?
What does a confounding variable do in an experiment?
What does a confounding variable do in an experiment?
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What is a characteristic of a controlled, randomized experiment?
What is a characteristic of a controlled, randomized experiment?
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What is meant by 'degrees of freedom' in a study?
What is meant by 'degrees of freedom' in a study?
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What does a cross-sectional study primarily involve?
What does a cross-sectional study primarily involve?
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Which term describes the variable that is expected to change in an experiment?
Which term describes the variable that is expected to change in an experiment?
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What is the purpose of a double-blind experiment?
What is the purpose of a double-blind experiment?
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What does the independent variable represent in an experimental study?
What does the independent variable represent in an experimental study?
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In epidemiology, what does incidence refer to?
In epidemiology, what does incidence refer to?
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Which of the following describes a Gantt chart?
Which of the following describes a Gantt chart?
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What is a prototype in the context of design?
What is a prototype in the context of design?
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What is the meaning of statistically significant results?
What is the meaning of statistically significant results?
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Which of the following best describes a paired t-test?
Which of the following best describes a paired t-test?
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What does standard deviation measure in a data set?
What does standard deviation measure in a data set?
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In a prospective cohort study, what characteristic is commonly used to group individuals?
In a prospective cohort study, what characteristic is commonly used to group individuals?
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What is a risk factor in health studies?
What is a risk factor in health studies?
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Study Notes
Statistical Concepts
- Alternative Hypothesis: The experimenter's anticipated outcome, often referred to as the research hypothesis.
- Correlation: Measures the relationship strength between variables.
- Degrees of Freedom: A parameter calculated by subtracting constraints from the number of observations or groups.
- Dependent Variable: The measured outcome influenced by the independent variable. Also called the response variable.
- Independent Variable: The manipulated variable in an experiment, also called the treatment variable.
- Mean: The average of a group of scores.
- Median: The midpoint of a score distribution, with half of scores above and half below.
- Mode: The most frequent score in a distribution.
- P Value: The probability of experimental results arising by chance.
- Standard Deviation: A measure of data variability around the mean.
- Statistically Nonsignificant: Results likely due to chance, accepting the null hypothesis.
- Statistically Significant: Results exceeding chance occurrences; observed differences are unlikely due to random variation.
- ‘Student’s’ t-test: A statistical test contrasting means of two independent groups.
- Paired t-test: A test comparing means of two groups with matched participants.
Research Methods
- Case-Control Study: Comparing individuals with a disease to those without.
- Cohort Study: Tracking exposed and non-exposed groups over time to study disease incidence.
- Confounding Variable: A variable affecting results, unrelated to the independent variable’s effect.
- Controlled, Randomized Experiment: A powerful design where participants are randomly assigned to groups (experimental and control).
- Cross-Sectional Study: A research method observing variables simultaneously.
- Experimental Study: A method controlling variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
- Observational Study: Observing individuals or outcomes without affecting factors.
- Prospective Cohort Study: Following similar groups with differing characteristics over time.
Experiment Design
- Double-Blind Experiment: Neither participants nor researchers know treatment allocation.
- Single-Blind Experiment: Participants unaware of treatment group assignment.
General Research Terms
- Causal Relationship: A relationship where one factor directly causes another.
- Criteria: Standards for judging or deciding.
- Design: A process for planning resources into products or systems.
- Design Process: Systematic problem-solving to select the best solutions.
- Epidemiology: The study of disease distribution and control.
- Gantt Chart: A tool for illustrating project progress over time.
- Innovation: A newly introduced method or device.
- Incidence: The rate of new cases of a disease.
- Prototype: A working model for testing a design concept.
- Replication: The ability to reproduce scientific results in different studies.
- Risk Factor: A factor increasing susceptibility to a condition.
- Triage: Sorting patients by urgency in an emergency setting.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your understanding of fundamental statistical concepts, including terms like alternative hypothesis, correlation, and degrees of freedom. This quiz will challenge you to apply your knowledge of statistical measures and their importance in research and data analysis.
