Static and Dynamic Loading in Structures
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What are the three factors that determine the effect of a force on a structure?

  • Magnitude, direction, location (correct)
  • Mass, speed, height
  • Size, direction, weight
  • Magnitude, speed, location

    • What is the unit of force mentioned in the text?

  • Gram
  • Joule
  • Kilogram
  • Newton (correct)

    • What is the main method of increasing a structure's stability according to the text?

  • Decreasing the mass
  • Increasing the height
  • Reducing the width of the base
  • Lowering the center of gravity (correct)

    • What type of load is exerted on an elevator by ten people waiting for the doors to close?

    <p>Static load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of load involves an external force that moves or changes with time?

    <p>Dynamic load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor engineers consider when deciding what type of bridge is suitable?

    <p>What the bridge is crossing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method of increasing a structure's stability?

    <p>Increasing the width of its base relative to its height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is symmetry important for the stability of a structure?

    <p>For a symmetrical structure, the mass must be distributed equally around its base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dynamic load in relation to structures?

    <p>An external force that moves or changes with time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of force acts to push parts within an object together?

    <p>Compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which internal force acts to stretch and pull apart something?

    <p>Tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an arch in a structure like a bridge?

    <p>To distribute the load down to the foundation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure is a beam supported at both ends?

    <p>I-Beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what shape are trusses usually designed?

    <p>Interlocking triangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cantilever structure?

    <p>A beam that is supported only at one end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following internal forces with their definitions:

    <p>Compression = A force that acts to squeeze an object or push parts within an object together Tension = A force that acts to stretch and pull apart something Shear = A force that acts to push parts that are in contact with each other in opposite directions Bending = When different kinds of internal forces act on a structure at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Arch = Supports a large load by carrying the force down through the arch to the foundation, spreading out the load Beam = A flat structure supported at both ends Truss = A framework of beams joined together, usually in the form of interlocking triangles Cantilever = A beam that is supported only at one end and bends in an N-shape when weight is placed on it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of beams with their additional descriptions:

    <p>I-Beam = Have less mass and make it stronger Girder (box beam) = Long beams in the shape of hollow rectangular prisms Column = A solid structure that can stand by itself Truss = A framework of beams joined together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Internal Force = A force that one part of a structure exerts on other parts of the same structure Complementary Forces = Different kinds of internal forces that act on a structure at the same time, such as bending Cantilever = A beam that is supported only at one end Compression = A force that acts to squeeze an object or push parts within an object together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions with their corresponding structures:

    <p>Arch = Common shape in structures like bridges, supports large loads by spreading out the load through the arch to the foundation Beam = Flat structure supported at both ends Truss = Framework of beams joined together, usually in interlocking triangles Column = Solid structure that can stand independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of force acts to squeeze an object or push parts within an object together?

    <p>Compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of complementary forces in structures.

    <p>Complementary forces are different kinds of internal forces that act on a structure at the same time, such as bending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an arch help in supporting a large load in structures like bridges?

    <p>The force of the load is carried down through the arch to the foundation, spreading out the load.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an I-Beam and a Girder (box beam) in terms of design and strength?

    <p>I-Beams have less mass and are stronger, while Girders are long beams in the shape of hollow rectangular prisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the structure of a truss and explain why it is usually designed in interlocking triangles.

    <p>A truss is a framework of beams joined together, usually designed in interlocking triangles for strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cantilever structure and how does it resist loads?

    <p>A cantilever is a beam supported only at one end, bending in an N-shape to resist the load.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of a column in a structure and why it is considered a solid support.

    <p>A column is a solid structure that provides standalone support in a structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a beam differ from an arch in terms of its shape and support?

    <p>A beam is a flat structure supported at both ends, while an arch is curved and carries the load down through its structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of internal forces acting within structures?

    <p>Compression, tension, and shear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how a truss differs from a beam in terms of their design and purpose in structures.

    <p>A truss is a framework of beams joined together, usually in the form of interlocking triangles, providing more strength than a beam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of internal force acts to push parts that are in contact with each other in opposite directions?

    <p>Shear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure can support a large load by carrying the force down through it to the foundation, spreading out the load?

    <p>Arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for different kinds of internal forces acting on a structure at the same time, with bending being one example?

    <p>Complementary Forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what shape are trusses usually designed to form a framework of interlocking beams?

    <p>Triangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of beam is a long beam in the shape of a hollow rectangular prism?

    <p>Girder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for a force that acts to stretch and pull apart something?

    <p>Tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of structure is a flat structure supported at both ends?

    <p>Beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of force acts to squeeze an object or push parts within an object together?

    <p>Compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Measuring Forces

    • The effect of a force on a structure depends on three factors:
      • Magnitude (size) of the force
      • Direction of the force
      • Location where the force is applied
    • The unit of force is the Newton (N), named after Isaac Newton
    • 1 Newton = amount of force needed to hold up a mass of 100 grams (g)

    External Forces Acting on Structures

    • External force: a push or pull that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape
    • Gravity: a force that acts on all parts of a structure, but is concentrated at a point called the centre of gravity
    • Mass: the amount of matter in an object, with more mass resulting in a greater gravitational force
    • Weight: the pull of gravity on mass

    Centre of Gravity

    • The centre of gravity is the point where the downward force of gravity acts on a structure
    • The main method of increasing a structure's stability is to increase the width of its base relative to its height
    • One way to do this is to place most of the mass of the structure close to the ground, which lowers the centre of gravity
    • When a structure is supported at its centre of gravity, it will stay balanced

    Symmetry

    • Symmetry is a balanced arrangement of mass that occurs on opposite sides of a line or plane, or around a centre or axis
    • For a symmetrical structure to be stable, its mass must be distributed equally around the centre of the structure's base
    • This means that the force of gravity around the centre is also equal, making the structure stable

    Load

    • Load: an external force on a structure
    • Static load: the weight of a structure and the non-moving load it supports (e.g. books on a bookshelf)
    • Dynamic load: an external force that moves or changes with time (e.g. moving students on a staircase at school)
    • Types of dynamic load include people, traffic, earthquakes, wind, waves, and blasts

    Requirements for a Structure

    • How well will a structure hold up under the load it was designed to carry out?
    • Performance requirements should always be expressed in Maximum Weight

    Supporting the Load

    • Engineers need two conditions to decide what type of bridge is suitable:
      • What the bridge is crossing (water/land)
      • What kinds of loads the bridge will be supporting

    Types of Bridges

    • Truss Bridge: a lightweight but strong bridge, made of trusses (triangle-shaped frames) along its sides

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    Related Documents

    S2 Unit D Structure & Forces Presentation PDF

    Description

    Explore the concept of static and dynamic loading in structures. Learn how structures can be subjected to different types of loading such as random, periodic, or a combination of both. Understand the difference between static loading, like in elevators, and dynamic loading.

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