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Questions and Answers
What type of solids are poor electrical conductors at room temperature?
What type of solids are poor electrical conductors at room temperature?
Metallic crystals are described as an array of positively charged ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons.
Metallic crystals are described as an array of positively charged ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons.
True
Name two characteristics of metallic crystals.
Name two characteristics of metallic crystals.
Malleability and ductility
Ionic solids become good conductors only at high temperature, above their __________.
Ionic solids become good conductors only at high temperature, above their __________.
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Match the following types of solids with their properties:
Match the following types of solids with their properties:
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Which of the following is NOT a property of metals?
Which of the following is NOT a property of metals?
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The conductivity of covalent solids increases abruptly when melted.
The conductivity of covalent solids increases abruptly when melted.
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What are the constituent particles of molecular solids?
What are the constituent particles of molecular solids?
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Which of the following materials is an example of an amorphous solid?
Which of the following materials is an example of an amorphous solid?
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Single crystals are easier to obtain than polycrystalline solids.
Single crystals are easier to obtain than polycrystalline solids.
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What term describes a substance that can exist in two or more different crystalline forms?
What term describes a substance that can exist in two or more different crystalline forms?
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NaF and MgO are examples of __________ substances.
NaF and MgO are examples of __________ substances.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which of the following characteristics do amorphous solids NOT possess?
Which of the following characteristics do amorphous solids NOT possess?
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Crystalline solids have a random arrangement of constituent particles.
Crystalline solids have a random arrangement of constituent particles.
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What is the main difference between single crystals and polycrystalline solids?
What is the main difference between single crystals and polycrystalline solids?
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What type of Republic is India described as in the Preamble of the Constitution?
What type of Republic is India described as in the Preamble of the Constitution?
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The Preamble of the Constitution of India was adopted on January 26, 1949.
The Preamble of the Constitution of India was adopted on January 26, 1949.
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Which of the following best describes the solid state of matter?
Which of the following best describes the solid state of matter?
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List the four goals stated in the Preamble of the Constitution of India.
List the four goals stated in the Preamble of the Constitution of India.
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The volume of solids changes significantly with temperature and pressure.
The volume of solids changes significantly with temperature and pressure.
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The three major branches of chemistry presented in the textbook are __________, __________, and __________.
The three major branches of chemistry presented in the textbook are __________, __________, and __________.
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Match the following aspects of chemistry with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of chemistry with their descriptions:
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What role do interparticle forces play in solids?
What role do interparticle forces play in solids?
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In solids, the particles are _____ compared to liquids and gases.
In solids, the particles are _____ compared to liquids and gases.
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Which newly introduced branches of chemistry are mentioned in the curriculum?
Which newly introduced branches of chemistry are mentioned in the curriculum?
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The textbook aims to present chemistry in an overly complex manner to challenge students.
The textbook aims to present chemistry in an overly complex manner to challenge students.
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Match the states of matter with their characteristics:
Match the states of matter with their characteristics:
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What is the purpose of the state curriculum framework (NCF) mentioned in the preface?
What is the purpose of the state curriculum framework (NCF) mentioned in the preface?
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Which statement about the motion of particles in solids is correct?
Which statement about the motion of particles in solids is correct?
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As temperature increases, the interparticle forces in solids become stronger.
As temperature increases, the interparticle forces in solids become stronger.
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Name one key difference between solids and gases.
Name one key difference between solids and gases.
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What creates vacancies in an ionic solid according to aliovalent impurities?
What creates vacancies in an ionic solid according to aliovalent impurities?
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Nonstoichiometric defects cause a change in the crystal structure of the material.
Nonstoichiometric defects cause a change in the crystal structure of the material.
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What is the result of adding divalent Sr2+ ions to NaCl during crystallization?
What is the result of adding divalent Sr2+ ions to NaCl during crystallization?
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Nonstoichiometric defect arises when the ratio of number of atoms of one kind to that of another kind changes from its ___.
Nonstoichiometric defect arises when the ratio of number of atoms of one kind to that of another kind changes from its ___.
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Which of the following describes a metal deficiency defect?
Which of the following describes a metal deficiency defect?
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Match the following types of defects with their description:
Match the following types of defects with their description:
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In the compound NiO, a vacancy is created when one ___ ion is missing.
In the compound NiO, a vacancy is created when one ___ ion is missing.
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In a metal deficiency defect, the electrical neutrality is compromised.
In a metal deficiency defect, the electrical neutrality is compromised.
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What is the packing efficiency formula for a body-centred cubic lattice?
What is the packing efficiency formula for a body-centred cubic lattice?
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In a body-centred cubic lattice, there is one particle located at the center of the cube.
In a body-centred cubic lattice, there is one particle located at the center of the cube.
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What theorem is used to calculate the radius of the sphere in a body-centred cubic structure?
What theorem is used to calculate the radius of the sphere in a body-centred cubic structure?
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The volume occupied by particles in a bcc unit cell can be expressed as _____.
The volume occupied by particles in a bcc unit cell can be expressed as _____.
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Match the lattice types with their respective number of particles per unit cell:
Match the lattice types with their respective number of particles per unit cell:
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What is the total volume of a unit cell in a body-centred cubic lattice if the radius is 'a'?
What is the total volume of a unit cell in a body-centred cubic lattice if the radius is 'a'?
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The body-centred cubic lattice has a packing efficiency higher than the face-centred cubic lattice.
The body-centred cubic lattice has a packing efficiency higher than the face-centred cubic lattice.
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How many particles does a face-centred cubic lattice contain per unit cell?
How many particles does a face-centred cubic lattice contain per unit cell?
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Study Notes
States of Matter
- Solids, liquids, and gases are the three common states of matter
- Solids have definite shape and volume, these properties change only slightly with temperature and pressure
- Constituent particles in solids are held together by strong inter-particle forces
- Particles in solids have limited motion (vibrational, not translational or rotational)
Crystalline vs. Amorphous Solids
- Crystalline solids: Ordered arrangement of particles throughout the solid. Most common are polycrystalline, made of many single crystals (crystallites)
- Amorphous solids: Particles in a random arrangement, without a long-range order, but with short-range order. Supercooled liquids are amorphous
- Examples: Glass, plastic, rubber, tar, metallic glass
Isomorphism and Polymorphism
-
Isomorphism: Two or more substances with the same crystal structure (and the same atomic ratios)
- Example: NaF and MgO; NaNO3 and CaCO3
- Polymorphism: A single substance exhibiting two or more crystalline forms under different conditions
Metallic Crystals
- Metallic bond: Valence electrons are delocalized, creating a "sea" of electrons surrounding positive metal ions. Ions are held together by attraction between delocalized electrons and positive metal ions
- Properties: Malleable, ductile, good electrical and thermal conductors
- Examples: Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Lithium (Li), Iron (Fe), Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Cobalt (Co), etc.
Crystal Structures
- Body-centered cubic (BCC): Particles at corners and one at the body center of the cube.
- Face-centered cubic (FCC): Particles at corners and center of each face.
- Packing efficiency for BCC and FCC are calculated percentages relative to the volume of the unit cell
Defects in Crystals
- Stoichiometric defects: Defects where the ratio of atoms in the crystalline structure is consistent with the chemical formula of the compound
-
Nonstoichiometric defects: Defects where the composition (ratio of atoms) in the crystal structure is not consistent with the formula.
- Metal deficiency: Occurs in compounds where the metal has variable oxidation states. A metal atom is missing, and another metal atom takes on a higher oxidation state.
- Metal excess: An extra cation impurity and an extra negative charge. Possible with addition of an aliovalent impurity
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Description
Test your knowledge on the states of matter, including solids, liquids, and gases. Explore the differences between crystalline and amorphous solids, as well as isomorphism and polymorphism. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these fundamental concepts in chemistry.
