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Questions and Answers
In the gas state, particles have total ______, with much empty space between them.
In the gas state, particles have total ______, with much empty space between them.
disorder
In a liquid, particles are free to move ______ each other.
In a liquid, particles are free to move ______ each other.
relative to
A crystalline solid has an ______ arrangement of particles.
A crystalline solid has an ______ arrangement of particles.
ordered
The solid and liquid states are referred to as ______ phases due to their particle arrangement.
The solid and liquid states are referred to as ______ phases due to their particle arrangement.
The kinetic molecular theory explains the ______ of matter.
The kinetic molecular theory explains the ______ of matter.
The amount of space in between particles is related to the substance's state of ______.
The amount of space in between particles is related to the substance's state of ______.
In a gas, particles are ______ spaced and can be compressed.
In a gas, particles are ______ spaced and can be compressed.
Phase changes happen when the ______ of the substance changes sufficiently.
Phase changes happen when the ______ of the substance changes sufficiently.
When solid water reaches 0°C, it undergoes a phase change from ______ to liquid.
When solid water reaches 0°C, it undergoes a phase change from ______ to liquid.
The temperature of a substance does not change as it goes from one phase to ______.
The temperature of a substance does not change as it goes from one phase to ______.
Matter is made of particles that are constantly in ______.
Matter is made of particles that are constantly in ______.
The energy in motion is called ______ energy.
The energy in motion is called ______ energy.
The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its ______.
The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its ______.
In solids, particles are closely packed and have limited ______.
In solids, particles are closely packed and have limited ______.
In gases, particles have high kinetic energy and can move ______.
In gases, particles have high kinetic energy and can move ______.
Fermionic condensates were first created in ______.
Fermionic condensates were first created in ______.
Fermionic condensates are a type of ______ that can flow with no viscosity.
Fermionic condensates are a type of ______ that can flow with no viscosity.
Fermionic condensates are made up of ______, which include protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Fermionic condensates are made up of ______, which include protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Unlike Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC), fermionic condensates are made of ______.
Unlike Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC), fermionic condensates are made of ______.
The fundamental difference between states of matter is the ______ between particles.
The fundamental difference between states of matter is the ______ between particles.
In a ______, the molecules are so close together that there is very little empty space.
In a ______, the molecules are so close together that there is very little empty space.
Liquids are much more difficult to compress than ______.
Liquids are much more difficult to compress than ______.
A liquid has a definite ______ because the molecules do not break away from their attractive forces.
A liquid has a definite ______ because the molecules do not break away from their attractive forces.
Molecules in a liquid can move past one another freely, allowing the liquid to ______ and assume the shape of its container.
Molecules in a liquid can move past one another freely, allowing the liquid to ______ and assume the shape of its container.
In a ______, molecules are held together tightly, which gives solids their shape.
In a ______, molecules are held together tightly, which gives solids their shape.
In a solid, molecules are held ______ in position.
In a solid, molecules are held ______ in position.
Solids are characterized by ______-range order.
Solids are characterized by ______-range order.
Solids possess ______ shape and volume.
Solids possess ______ shape and volume.
The close-packed arrangement of molecules in a solid forms a ______-dimensional structure.
The close-packed arrangement of molecules in a solid forms a ______-dimensional structure.
There is even less empty space in a solid than in a ______.
There is even less empty space in a solid than in a ______.
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Study Notes
States of Matter
- Matter exists in different states: solid, liquid, gas, and special cases like fermionic condensates.
- Solids and liquids are referred to as condensed phases because their particles are closely packed.
Particle Arrangement
- Gas:
- Total disorder with large empty spaces
- Particles have complete freedom to move and are far apart
- Liquid:
- Moderate disorder with particles close together
- Particles or clusters can move relative to one another
- Crystalline Solid:
- Ordered arrangement, particles are in fixed positions
- Close-packed structure with minimal empty space
Kinetic Molecular Theory
- A model explaining the behavior of matter based on the motion of particles.
- Matter is composed of continually moving particles; this motion is termed kinetic energy.
- The kinetic energy of a substance correlates to its temperature.
Key Postulates
- There is space between particles, varying with the state of matter:
- Gas: Widely spaced, compressible, and expandable.
- Liquid: Closely packed but can still be compressed and expanded.
- Crystalline Solid: Tightly packed, incompressible, and retain shape.
Phase Changes
- Phase changes occur with significant temperature changes; during a phase change, temperature remains constant.
- For example, when heating ice, the temperature rises until reaching 0°C (melting point), after which added heat facilitates the transition to liquid.
Fermionic Condensates
- First created in 2004, these are superfluid states of matter consisting of fermions (particles with odd atomic numbers).
- Unlike bosonic condensates, fermionic condensates exhibit unique behaviors, including flowing without viscosity.
Properties of Liquids
- Molecules in liquids are closely packed with little empty space, rendering them less compressible than gases.
- Liquids possess a definite volume due to attractive forces holding the molecules together.
- They can flow, change shape, and assume the form of their containers.
Properties of Solids
- Molecules in solids are rigidly fixed in position, providing limited freedom of motion.
- Solids are characterized by long-range order, with molecules arranged in a regular three-dimensional structure.
- They are nearly incompressible, possessing both a definite shape and volume.
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