States of Matter

States of Matter

• Three main states of matter:
  1. Solid: particles are closely packed, fixed shape and volume
  2. Liquid: particles are close together, takes shape of container, volume is fixed
  3. Gas: particles are widely spaced, takes shape and volume of container
• Changes between states:
  • Melting: solid to liquid
  • Freezing: liquid to solid
  • Evaporation: liquid to gas
  • Condensation: gas to liquid

Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties:
  • Color
  • Odor
  • Texture
  • Density
  • Solubility
• Chemical Properties:
  • Flammability
  • Reactivity
  • Toxicity
• Extensive Properties:
  • Mass
  • Volume
• Intensive Properties:
  • Density
  • Concentration

Elements

• Definition: a substance that consists of only one type of atom
• Examples:
  • Metals: sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu)
  • Nonmetals: oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), carbon (C)
  • Metalloids: silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As)
• Symbol: a one- or two-letter representation of an element
• Atomic Number: the number of protons in an atom's nucleus

Compounds

• Definition: a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements
• Examples:
  • Water: hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)
  • Carbon Dioxide: carbon (C) and oxygen (O)
  • Ammonia: nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H)
• Chemical Formula: a representation of the elements and their ratios in a compound
• Properties: different from those of its individual elements

Mixtures

• Definition: a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
• Examples:
  • Air: a mixture of gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, and others
  • Soil: a mixture of minerals, organic matter, and other substances
  • Trail Mix: a mixture of nuts, seeds, and dried fruits
• Properties: varies depending on the components and their proportions
• Components: can be separated by physical means, such as filtration or sedimentation

States of Matter

• Particles are closely packed, with fixed shape and volume in solids
• Particles are close together, taking shape of container, with fixed volume in liquids
• Particles are widely spaced, taking shape and volume of container in gases
• Melting occurs when a solid changes to a liquid
• Freezing occurs when a liquid changes to a solid
• Evaporation occurs when a liquid changes to a gas
• Condensation occurs when a gas changes to a liquid

Properties of Matter

Physical Properties

• Color is a physical property of matter
• Odor is a physical property of matter
• Texture is a physical property of matter
• Density is a physical property of matter
• Solubility is a physical property of matter

Chemical Properties

• Flammability is a chemical property of matter
• Reactivity is a chemical property of matter
• Toxicity is a chemical property of matter

Extensive Properties

• Mass is an extensive property of matter
• Volume is an extensive property of matter

Intensive Properties

• Density is an intensive property of matter
• Concentration is an intensive property of matter

Elements

• An element is a substance that consists of only one type of atom
• Metals are examples of elements, such as sodium (Na), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)
• Nonmetals are examples of elements, such as oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and carbon (C)
• Metalloids are examples of elements, such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and arsenic (As)
• Each element has a unique symbol, a one- or two-letter representation
• The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus

Compounds

• A compound is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements
• Water is a compound formed by hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)
• Carbon Dioxide is a compound formed by carbon (C) and oxygen (O)
• Ammonia is a compound formed by nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H)
• A chemical formula represents the elements and their ratios in a compound
• The properties of a compound are different from those of its individual elements

Mixtures

• A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
• Air is a mixture of gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, and others
• Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, and other substances
• Trail Mix is a mixture of nuts, seeds, and dried fruits
• The properties of a mixture vary depending on the components and their proportions
• The components of a mixture can be separated by physical means, such as filtration or sedimentation