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Questions and Answers
Which of the following processes describes a solid changing directly to a gas?
Which of the following processes describes a solid changing directly to a gas?
Particles in a mixture can be uniformly scattered.
Particles in a mixture can be uniformly scattered.
True
What is the term for the point when a substance changes from liquid to gas?
What is the term for the point when a substance changes from liquid to gas?
Boiling Point
The state of matter characterized by a definite shape and volume is called a ______.
The state of matter characterized by a definite shape and volume is called a ______.
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Match each property of solids with its definition:
Match each property of solids with its definition:
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Which of the following describes a physical change?
Which of the following describes a physical change?
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Chemical changes can be easily reversed.
Chemical changes can be easily reversed.
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What is the law of conservation of mass?
What is the law of conservation of mass?
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Wood being burned results in the formation of _______.
Wood being burned results in the formation of _______.
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Match the atomic models with their descriptions:
Match the atomic models with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a sign of a chemical change?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of a chemical change?
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An ion is formed when an atom gains or loses protons.
An ion is formed when an atom gains or loses protons.
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What are the three subatomic particles of an atom?
What are the three subatomic particles of an atom?
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The number of neutrons can be determined by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic ______.
The number of neutrons can be determined by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic ______.
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What happens to an atom when it becomes a cation?
What happens to an atom when it becomes a cation?
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The atomic number of an element represents the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
The atomic number of an element represents the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
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What is a chemical property?
What is a chemical property?
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An atom that gains electrons becomes a ______.
An atom that gains electrons becomes a ______.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?
Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?
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Study Notes
States of Matter
- Matter exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas.
- State changes are influenced by temperature.
- Melting: solid to liquid
- Evaporation: liquid to gas
- Condensation: gas to liquid
- Freezing: liquid to solid
- Sublimation: solid to gas
- Deposition: gas to solid
Physical Properties of Solids
- Solids exhibit physical properties like color and shininess.
- These properties may or may not change during state transitions.
- Melting point: temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.
- Boiling point: temperature at which a liquid transforms into a gas.
- Hardness: resistance of a substance to being scratched.
- Malleability: ability of a substance to be shaped.
- Ductility: ability of a substance to be drawn into wires.
- Crystal shape: characteristic geometric structure of a crystalline solid.
- Solubility: capacity for a substance to dissolve into another.
- Density: measure of how closely packed particles are in a substance.
- Conductivity: ability to conduct heat or electricity.
Rules Governing Matter
- Matter comprises particles.
- Particles are spaced apart.
- Particles attract one another.
- Particles are constantly moving.
- Increased energy leads to faster particle movement and greater separation.
- Phase: another term for state of matter (solid, liquid, gas).
Mixtures and Pure Substances
- Mixtures contain two or more different kinds of particles.
- Pure substances consist of only one type of particle.
- Mixtures can be homogeneous (uniform particle distribution) or heterogeneous (non-uniform particle distribution).
- Homogeneous mixtures (solutions) cannot distinctly identify the different components; heterogeneous mixtures (mechanical mixtures) clearly display different components.
Physical and Chemical Changes
- Physical changes alter the form of a substance without changing its chemical composition.
- No new substances are formed during a physical change, and the change can often be reversed.
- State changes are physical changes.
- Chemical changes alter the chemical composition of a substance.
- Chemical changes form new substances, and these changes are typically irreversible..
- Chemical changes are always accompanied by physical changes.
Identifying Chemical Changes
- Several indicators signal chemical changes:
- Heat production or absorption
- pH change
- Consumption of reactants
- Color change
- Gas bubble formation
- Precipitate (solid) formation in a liquid
Classifying Substances
- Substances can be classified according to their observable (physical) and reactive (chemical) properties.
- Any measurable quality observed without altering chemical composition is a physical property.
- Chemical properties describe how a substance interacts with another.
Laws and Theories
- Laws summarize observations (e.g., gravity).
- Theories explain why observations happen (e.g., gravity's cause)
The Law of Conservation of Mass
- During chemical reactions, the total mass of the new substances remains the same as the original substances. Meaning: Mass cannot be created or destroyed.
Atomic Structure
- Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of substances.
- Atoms are composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons (+) reside in the nucleus.
- Neutrons (neutral charge) are found in the nucleus.
- Electrons (-) orbit the nucleus.
Atomic Models
- Thomson's Plum Pudding Model: electrons scattered within a positively charged "pudding."
- Rutherford's Planetary Model: the nucleus holds positive charge, with orbiting electrons.
- Bohr's Model: electrons occupy fixed energy levels (shells).
- Electron Cloud Model: electrons' positions are probabilistic, described by wave functions.
Elements
- Elements are pure substances composed of the same type of atoms.
- Atomic symbol: abbreviation.
- Atomic number: number of protons.
- Atomic mass: average mass of naturally occurring isotopes.
- Number of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic number
Ions
- Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, becoming electrically charged.
- Anions (negatively charged) result from electron gain.
- Cations (positively charged) result from electron loss.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of states of matter, including the transitions between solid, liquid, and gas. This quiz covers the physical properties of solids, such as hardness, ductility, and conductivity, along with the effects of temperature on state changes. Test your understanding of these essential topics in physical science.
