Gr 10 Physical Sciences November exam P2 (Easy)
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the process where a liquid becomes a gas?

  • Condensation
  • Freezing
  • Evaporation (correct)
  • Melting

    • Which state of matter has a fixed shape and volume?

  • Solid (correct)
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma

    • What is the process called when a gas becomes a solid without passing through the liquid state?

  • Evaporation
  • Deposition (correct)
  • Sublimation
  • Condensation

    • What is the term for the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid?

    <p>Melting Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the kinetic molecular theory, what is the arrangement of particles in a solid?

    <p>Closely packed in a fixed arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a solid becomes a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temperature at which evaporation occurs rapidly with the formation of bubbles?

    <p>Boiling Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Brownian motion?

    <p>The random, erratic movement of particles suspended in a fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the kinetic molecular theory based on?

    <p>The fundamental principles of composition, energy, movement, spaces, and forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the solid and liquid states of matter?

    <p>The movement of the particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the attractive forces between particles as matter transitions from solid to liquid?

    <p>They become weaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a gas?

    <p>They have high energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a solid becomes a liquid as it absorbs heat?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid called?

    <p>Melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the kinetic molecular theory, what determines the shape of a solid?

    <p>The lattice structure of the particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of particles in a solid?

    <p>They have low energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the constant thermal motion of particles?

    <p>Brownian motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of a liquid becoming a solid upon losing heat?

    <p>Freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a state of matter?

    <p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concept of atoms in the fifth century BC?

    <p>Democritus and Leucippus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Dalton's model?

    <p>It did not recognize the existence of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the model that envisions atoms as spheres of positive charge with negative electrons embedded within them?

    <p>Thomson's Plum Pudding Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It suggested a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of Bohr's model?

    <p>It explained the arrangement of electrons in energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct transition from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reverse process of sublimation?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where a liquid becomes a gas?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Rutherford's expectation when he bombarded alpha particles through the foil?

    <p>He expected alpha particles to pass through with minimal deflection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

    <p>The average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of an electron?

    <p>One unit of negative electric charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the atomic number of an element?

    <p>The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>They contribute to the atomic mass but do not affect the chemical properties of the atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nucleus composed of?

    <p>Protons and neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number?

    <p>It determines the chemical properties of an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of the mass of a proton to that of an electron?

    <p>The mass of a proton is significantly heavier than that of an electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy used to describe the size of the nucleus compared to the atom?

    <p>If an atom were the size of a soccer stadium, the nucleus would be the size of a pea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the atomic structure?

    <p>To study chemical reactions, bonding, and the properties of materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of atomic models in science?

    <p>To visualize and understand complex systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist discovered the neutron, a particle with no charge and a mass similar to that of a proton?

    <p>James Chadwick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement used to simplify the mass of atoms?

    <p>Atomic mass units (u)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of electrons in the quantum mechanical model?

    <p>Existing in probabilistic orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Rutherford's nuclear model?

    <p>Electrons existing in fixed orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of atomic models?

    <p>To visualize and understand atomic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass unit (u)?

    <p>It provides a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of electrons moving between energy levels in an atom?

    <p>The emission or absorption of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the quantum mechanical model of the atom?

    <p>Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and Born</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment?

    <p>To investigate the structure of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Hund's rule related to?

    <p>Electron configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom?

    <p>Valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of spectroscopic notation?

    <p>To provide a concise way to represent electron configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the octet rule related to?

    <p>The formation of chemical bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the periodic table organized into?

    <p>Vertical columns and horizontal rows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is electron affinity a measure of?

    <p>How much an element wants to gain electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is electronegativity a measure of?

    <p>The tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with creating the first widely recognized periodic table?

    <p>Dmitri Mendeleev</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the principle that states that electrons have a property called spin?

    <p>Pauli's exclusion principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding electron configuration?

    <p>To predict and explain an element's chemical behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average atomic mass of chlorine?

    <p>35.5 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when two electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Single bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of isotopes in medicine?

    <p>Medical imaging and cancer treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the energy of an electron in an atom?

    <p>Its distance from the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a water molecule, how many hydrogen atoms share electrons with the oxygen atom?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is represented by the pair of dots between each H and O symbol in the water molecule?

    <p>Covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of fluorine?

    <p>1s² 2s² 2p⁵</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a carbon dioxide molecule, what type of bond is formed between the carbon and oxygen atoms?

    <p>Double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a hydrogen cyanide molecule, what type of bond is formed between the carbon and nitrogen atoms?

    <p>Triple bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Aufbau diagrams?

    <p>To represent the electron configuration of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many valence electrons are represented by the pairs of dots around the oxygen atom in a carbon dioxide molecule?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy level with the lowest energy in an atom?

    <p>The energy level closest to the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of isotopes in environmental science?

    <p>Studying climate change and geological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of electrons shared in a triple bond?

    <p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a carbon dioxide molecule, how many pairs of dots are placed between each C and O symbol?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do electrons occupy orbitals in an atom?

    <p>They occupy the lowest energy orbitals first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of electrons in a neutral atom of lithium?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general form of electron configuration for noble gases?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np⁶</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the identity of an element?

    <p>Number of protons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the atomic radius of elements in Group 1 as you move down the group?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the electron structure of alkali metals?

    <p>They have a single electron in their outermost shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>Atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is represented by the symbol C in the notation ⁶¹²C?

    <p>Chemical symbol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of ionisation energy in Group 1 as you move down the group?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general form of electron configuration for Group 18 except for Helium?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np⁶</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between isotopes of the same element?

    <p>Number of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of reactivity in Group 1 as you move down the group?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do isotopes of an element exhibit the same chemical properties?

    <p>Because they have the same number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a positively charged ion?

    <p>Cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Lewis structures?

    <p>To represent the valence electrons of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the physical properties of elements in Group 1 as you move down the group?

    <p>Atomic radius increases, ionisation energy decreases, and electronegativity decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average atomic mass of an element calculated from?

    <p>The atomic mass of all isotopes and their relative abundances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general form of electron configuration for the alkali metals?

    <p>ns¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the term 'isotope'?

    <p>From the Greek words 'iso' and 'topos' meaning 'same place'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation for the isotope Cl-37?

    <p>³⁷₁₇Cl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of density in Group 1 as you move down the group?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do atoms of the same element have different physical properties?

    <p>Because they have different numbers of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in atomic radius across a period from left to right?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in ionisation energy across a period from left to right?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is characterized by having a full valence shell and being unreactive?

    <p>Group 18: Noble Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of elements in Group 1: Alkali Metals?

    <p>[noble gas]ns¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in melting and boiling points across a period?

    <p>Increases to a peak and then decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is characterized by being highly reactive, especially with water?

    <p>Group 1: Alkali Metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in electronegativity across a period from left to right?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of elements in Group 15: Pnictogens?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in electrical conductivity across a period from left to right?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is characterized by forming salts when combined with metals?

    <p>Group 17: Halogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of particles in a liquid?

    <p>They are closely packed but can move past each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the constant thermal motion of particles?

    <p>The diffusion of particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following states of matter has particles that are far apart and move freely?

    <p>Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a solid becomes a liquid as it absorbs heat?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the shape of a liquid?

    <p>The container it's in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of particles in a solid?

    <p>They are closely packed and vibrate in place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a gas becomes a liquid?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the diffusion of particles?

    <p>The even distribution of particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a liquid becomes a solid upon losing heat?

    <p>Freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of particles in a solid according to the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>They vibrate around fixed positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of the atom proposed that atoms are composed of small, indivisible particles?

    <p>Dalton's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the constant thermal motion of particles?

    <p>Brownian motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the direct transition from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the solid and liquid states of matter according to the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>Particles have fixed positions in solids and move past each other in liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of a liquid becoming a gas upon absorbing heat?

    <p>Boiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concept of atoms in the fifth century BC?

    <p>Democritus and Leucippus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of particles losing energy and moving closer together?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a gas according to the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>They have high energy and move rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the attractive forces between particles in a solid?

    <p>They maintain the fixed structure of the solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reverse process of sublimation?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of a solid changing directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Rutherford's Nuclear Model?

    <p>Atoms with a dense, positively charged nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Bohr's Model?

    <p>Described the arrangement of electrons in fixed energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of particles in a solid according to the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>Regular and repeating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a liquid according to the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>They possess moderate energy and move past each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a gas becomes a liquid upon cooling?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the shape of a solid according to the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>The arrangement of particles in a lattice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid?

    <p>Freezing point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average atomic mass of chlorine?

    <p>35.5 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fields is understanding isotopes crucial in?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy level of electrons that are closest to the nucleus?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orbital that electrons occupy in the first energy level?

    <p>s orbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Aufbau diagrams?

    <p>To represent the electron configuration of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the electron configuration of an element?

    <p>The number of electrons in the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the electron configuration of an element?

    <p>It determines the reactivity and properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of electrons in the energy levels of an atom?

    <p>Electron arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the region around an atom where an electron is likely to be found?

    <p>Electron orbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number of an element determined by?

    <p>The number of protons in an atom's nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass number of an atom?

    <p>The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?

    <p>Isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an atom gaining or losing electrons?

    <p>It becomes an ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for positively charged ions?

    <p>Cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation for representing an element, including its atomic number and atomic mass number?

    <p>(^{A}_{Z}X), where A is the atomic mass number, Z is the atomic number, and X is the chemical symbol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of isotopes of an element?

    <p>They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average atomic mass of an element calculated from?

    <p>The relative abundances of its isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of calculating the average atomic mass of an element?

    <p>Weighted average calculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number of an element?

    <p>It determines the element's identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the nucleus in an atom?

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a proton?

    <p>Positive electric charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the atomic number of an element?

    <p>Number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number?

    <p>It determines the chemical properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electrons in an atom?

    <p>They orbit the nucleus in various energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the atomic structure?

    <p>To grasp the scale and structure of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

    <p>The average mass of all isotopes of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy used to describe the size of the nucleus compared to the atom?

    <p>A pea in a soccer stadium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of James Chadwick's discovery?

    <p>Discovering the neutron, a particle with no charge and a mass similar to that of a proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contribution of Rutherford's model?

    <p>It suggested the existence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It led to the proposal of the nuclear model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass unit (u)?

    <p>It provides a scale for comparing the masses of different atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of electrons in the quantum mechanical model?

    <p>They exist in probabilistic orbitals with wave-particle duality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of electrons moving between energy levels in an atom?

    <p>The atom emits or absorbs light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of atomic models?

    <p>To visualize and understand complex atomic systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It showed the nucleus of an atom is dense and positively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement used to simplify the mass of atoms?

    <p>Atomic mass units (u)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the model that describes electrons as existing in probabilistic orbitals?

    <p>Quantum mechanical model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>They are part of the atomic nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when two electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Single Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the water molecule, how many valence electrons of oxygen are represented by dots?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when six electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Triple Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the carbon dioxide molecule, what type of bond is formed between the carbon and oxygen atoms?

    <p>Double Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the hydrogen cyanide molecule, what type of bond is formed between the carbon and nitrogen atoms?

    <p>Triple Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for carbon in the representation of molecules?

    <p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the remaining valence electrons of oxygen represented in the water molecule?

    <p>Two pairs of dots above and below the oxygen symbol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed between the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen cyanide molecule?

    <p>Single Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of spectroscopic notation?

    <p>To provide a concise way to represent electron configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the octet rule?

    <p>It indicates that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between core and valence electrons?

    <p>Valence electrons are involved in chemical reactions, while core electrons are not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the periodic table?

    <p>To provide a systematic way of displaying the chemical elements, arranged in order of increasing atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Pauli's Exclusion Principle related to?

    <p>The spin of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy required to remove one electron from an atom in the gas phase?

    <p>Ionisation Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the valence shell of noble gases and other elements?

    <p>The valence shell of noble gases is always full, while other elements have a partially full valence shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Hund's rule related to?

    <p>The electron configuration of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom?

    <p>Valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general form of the electron configuration of noble gases?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np⁶</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of atomic radius in Group 1 alkali metals?

    <p>Increases down the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of noble gases?

    <p>Inert (non-reactive) gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of ionisation energy in Group 1 alkali metals?

    <p>Decreases down the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the valence shell of an atom?

    <p>The outermost energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representation of a hydrogen atom in Lewis notation?

    <p>H with one dot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of electronegativity in Group 1 alkali metals?

    <p>Decreases down the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a chlorine atom in Lewis notation?

    <p>Seven dots arranged in pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of melting and boiling points in Group 1 alkali metals?

    <p>Decreases down the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of density in Group 1 alkali metals?

    <p>Increases down the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend of atomic radius across a period in the periodic table?

    <p>Decreases from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the elements in Group 1 of the periodic table?

    <p>They are highly reactive and soft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is known for being inert due to their full valence shells?

    <p>Group 18: Noble Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend of ionisation energy across a period in the periodic table?

    <p>Increases from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of the elements in Group 2 of the periodic table?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the elements in Group 17 of the periodic table?

    <p>They are highly reactive and form salts with metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of melting and boiling points across a period in the periodic table?

    <p>They increase to a peak and then decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the elements in Group 15 of the periodic table?

    <p>They include non-metals, metalloids, and metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of the elements in Group 1 of the periodic table?

    <p>[noble gas]ns¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend of electronegativity across a period in the periodic table?

    <p>Increases from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state of matter takes on the shape of its container?

    <p>Liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a liquid becomes a solid?

    <p>Freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the kinetic molecular theory, what is true about particles in a liquid?

    <p>They are closely packed but can move past each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to particles during diffusion?

    <p>They move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the solid and gas states of matter?

    <p>Particle arrangement and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the constant thermal motion of particles?

    <p>A change of state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves a solid becoming a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reverse of sublimation?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a liquid becomes a solid upon losing heat?

    <p>Freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed that all matter is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms?

    <p>Democritus and Leucippus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Dalton's model?

    <p>It did not account for the existence of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the model that envisions atoms as spheres of positive charge with negative electrons embedded within them?

    <p>Thomson's Plum Pudding Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It established the existence of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of Bohr's model?

    <p>It explained the arrangement of electrons in the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where a gas becomes a liquid upon cooling?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct transition from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reverse process of sublimation?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where particles gain energy and move freely as a gas?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the erratic movement of particles in a fluid?

    <p>The constant thermal motion of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the kinetic molecular theory based on?

    <p>The idea that matter is composed of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a solid?

    <p>They have low energy and vibrate in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the addition of heat to a solid?

    <p>The solid becomes a liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a gas?

    <p>They have high energy and move rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of a solid becoming a liquid?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the removal of heat from a liquid?

    <p>The liquid becomes a solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a liquid?

    <p>They have moderate energy and move past one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the solid and liquid states of matter?

    <p>The energy of the particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the constant thermal motion of particles in a fluid?

    <p>The particles move erratically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of atomic models in science?

    <p>To visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist discovered the neutron, a particle with no charge and a mass similar to that of a proton?

    <p>James Chadwick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement used to simplify the mass of atoms?

    <p>Atomic mass units (u)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of electrons in the quantum mechanical model?

    <p>They exist in probabilistic orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of electrons moving between energy levels in an atom?

    <p>The emission of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass unit (u)?

    <p>It provides a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment?

    <p>To investigate the structure of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models describes electrons as existing in probabilistic orbitals?

    <p>Quantum mechanical model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron?

    <p>It completed the basic picture of atomic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of atomic models in understanding the atomic structure?

    <p>To visualize and understand the atomic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Rutherford's unexpected observation during the alpha-particle scattering experiment?

    <p>Some alpha particles were deflected at large angles, and a few bounced back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of an atom that determines its chemical properties?

    <p>Protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element?

    <p>Relative atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>To contribute to the atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy used to describe the size of the nucleus compared to the atom?

    <p>A pea in a soccer stadium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number?

    <p>It defines the chemical properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the atomic structure?

    <p>To study chemical reactions and bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nucleus?

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of an electron?

    <p>-1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the relative atomic mass?

    <p>It represents the average mass of naturally occurring isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate average atomic mass of chlorine?

    <p>35.5 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which field are isotopes used in medical imaging and cancer treatment?

    <p>Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of electrons in an atom's energy levels and orbitals called?

    <p>Electron configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy level that contains only one s orbital?

    <p>First energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagram used to represent an element's electron configuration?

    <p>Aufbau diagram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which energy level do electrons with the lowest energy reside?

    <p>First energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that attracts electrons to the nucleus?

    <p>Attractive force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of electrons moving to higher energy levels in an atom?

    <p>The atom becomes less stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first?

    <p>To minimize energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is very reactive, especially with water?

    <p>Alkali metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of group 1 elements?

    <p>[noble gas]ns¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following trends occurs in the periodic table?

    <p>Electronegativity increases across a period from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of group 2 elements?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is inert due to their full valence shells?

    <p>Noble gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is in group 15?

    <p>Phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of group 17 elements?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of elements in group 3-12?

    <p>They often form colored compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements includes metals and metalloids?

    <p>Group 13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of group 15 elements?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when two electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Single Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond formed when four electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Double Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a water molecule (H₂O), what type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom and the two hydrogen atoms?

    <p>Single Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a carbon dioxide molecule (CO₂), what type of bond is formed between the carbon atom and each of the two oxygen atoms?

    <p>Double Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a hydrogen cyanide molecule (HCN), what type of bond is formed between the carbon atom and the nitrogen atom?

    <p>Triple Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Lewis notation, what is used to represent the remaining valence electrons of an atom?

    <p>Pairs of dots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number of an element?

    <p>The number of protons in an atom's nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for oxygen in a molecule?

    <p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for carbon in a molecule?

    <p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass number of an element?

    <p>The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isotopes of an element?

    <p>Atoms of the same element with different atomic mass numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of isotopes of an element?

    <p>Same chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the notation ^{12}_{6}C?

    <p>To represent the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

    <p>A cation is a positively charged ion, while an anion is a negatively charged ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of understanding the electron configuration of an atom?

    <p>To predict the chemical reactivity of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of s orbitals?

    <p>Spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an atom gaining or losing electrons?

    <p>The atom becomes a cation or an anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the average atomic mass of an element?

    <p>Average Atomic Mass = (% Isotope 1 × Atomic Mass of Isotope 1) + (% Isotope 2 × Atomic Mass of Isotope 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do isotopes of an element occupy the same place on the periodic table?

    <p>Because they have the same number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table?

    <p>In order of increasing atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number of an element?

    <p>It determines the chemical properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy required to remove one electron from an atom in the gas phase?

    <p>Ionisation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom?

    <p>Valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell?

    <p>The octet rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with creating the first widely recognized periodic table?

    <p>Dmitri Mendeleev</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measure of how much an element wants to gain electrons?

    <p>Electron affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly rather than pair up?

    <p>Hund's rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general form of electron configuration in Group 18 elements?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np⁶</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in atomic radius down the group in Group 1 elements?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ionisation energy trend in Group 1 elements as you move down the group?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the valence electrons in an atom's electronic structure?

    <p>They are always in the outermost energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct Lewis notation for a hydrogen atom?

    <p>H with one dot next to it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the noble gases in Group 18?

    <p>They are inert gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in electronegativity as you move down the group in Group 1 elements?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct Lewis notation for a chlorine atom?

    <p>Cl with seven dots next to it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the melting and boiling points of metals in Group 1?

    <p>They vary widely depending on the type of element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in density as you move down the group in Group 1 elements?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase transition do particles lose energy and slow down?

    <p>Freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models proposes that atoms are composed of small, indivisible particles?

    <p>Dalton's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a gas becomes a liquid upon cooling?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist discovered the electron and proposed the 'plum pudding model'?

    <p>J.J. Thomson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of particles moving closer together and attractive forces drawing them into a liquid state?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models recognizes the existence of electrons but does not explain their arrangement within the atom?

    <p>Thomson's Plum Pudding Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct transition from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models proposes that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels?

    <p>Bohr's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reverse process of sublimation?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where a solid becomes a liquid upon gaining heat?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a liquid state?

    <p>They are closely packed but can move past each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a solid changes to a liquid state?

    <p>The particles start moving past each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the process of condensation?

    <p>A gas becomes a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a solid becomes a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a solid state?

    <p>They are closely packed and can only vibrate in place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a gas becomes a solid?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the constant thermal motion of particles?

    <p>The particles diffuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a gas state?

    <p>They are far apart and move freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of atomic models in science?

    <p>To help visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist discovered the neutron, a particle with no charge and a mass similar to that of a proton?

    <p>James Chadwick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement used to simplify the mass of atoms?

    <p>Atomic mass unit (u)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of electrons in the quantum mechanical model?

    <p>They exist in probabilistic orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of electrons moving between energy levels in an atom?

    <p>The emission of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass unit (u)?

    <p>It allows for the comparison of the masses of different atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of Bohr's model?

    <p>The concept of electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atomic model describes electrons as existing in probabilistic orbitals?

    <p>Quantum mechanical model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment?

    <p>To investigate the structure of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Dalton's model?

    <p>It does not consider atoms as solid, indivisible spheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of particles in a liquid?

    <p>They possess more energy and are able to move past one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the constant thermal motion of particles?

    <p>Brownian motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the transition from a solid to a liquid?

    <p>The addition of heat to the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a gas?

    <p>They have high energy and move rapidly and freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?

    <p>Tightly packed and arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the solid and liquid states of matter?

    <p>The energy level of the particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of attractive forces in a solid?

    <p>They attract particles and maintain the fixed structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>It provides a conceptual framework to explain the existence of different phases of matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the expansion of a gas?

    <p>The addition of heat to the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a solid, liquid, and gas?

    <p>They possess varying amounts of energy and move accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average atomic mass of chlorine?

    <p>35.5 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are isotopes important in medicine?

    <p>They are used in medical imaging and cancer treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy level of the electrons that are closest to the nucleus?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do electrons occupy orbitals in an atom?

    <p>They occupy the lowest energy orbitals first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of fluorine?

    <p>1s² 2s² 2p⁵</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Aufbau diagrams?

    <p>To represent the electron configuration of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do electrons in the same orbital interact with each other?

    <p>They pair up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the reactivity and properties of an element?

    <p>The distribution of electrons among energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the energy levels in an atom?

    <p>They determine the reactivity and properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of understanding the electron configuration of an element?

    <p>To predict the chemical behavior of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of an s orbital?

    <p>Spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom?

    <p>Valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell?

    <p>The octet rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table?

    <p>In order of increasing atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy required to remove one electron from an atom in the gas phase?

    <p>Ionization energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of spectroscopic notation?

    <p>To represent the electron configuration of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Pauli's exclusion principle related to?

    <p>Electron spin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organization of the periodic table into vertical columns called?

    <p>Groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when two electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Single bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of pairs of electrons shared between two atoms in a triple bond?

    <p>Three pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representation of a single covalent bond in Lewis notation?

    <p>One pair of dots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of atoms in a water molecule (H₂O)?

    <p>Oxygen in the center, with two hydrogen atoms on either side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of valence electrons of oxygen represented in a water molecule (H₂O)?

    <p>Four pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed between the carbon atom and the nitrogen atom in a hydrogen cyanide molecule (HCN)?

    <p>Triple bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representation of a double covalent bond in Lewis notation?

    <p>Two pairs of dots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed between the carbon atom and the oxygen atoms in a carbon dioxide molecule (CO₂)?

    <p>Double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of protons in an atom's nucleus?

    <p>Atomic Number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>Atomic Mass Number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?

    <p>Isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a positively charged ion?

    <p>Cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a negatively charged ion?

    <p>Anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are isotopes represented?

    <p>Using the element symbol and atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average atomic mass of an element calculated from?

    <p>The relative abundance of each isotope and its atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number?

    <p>It determines the identity and properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nucleus composed of?

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where an atom gains or loses electrons to become an ion?

    <p>Electron gain or loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general form of the electron configuration for the noble gases?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np⁶</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in atomic radius as you move down a group?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reactivity trend in the alkali metals as you move down the group?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron structure of the alkali metals?

    <p>They have a single electron in their outermost shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in ionisation energy as you move down a group?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of chlorine?

    <p>1s²2s²2p⁵3s²3p⁵</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the dots represent in a Lewis structure?

    <p>The valence electrons of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Lewis structures?

    <p>To represent the valence electrons of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in electronegativity as you move down a group?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in melting and boiling points as you move down a group for metals?

    <p>They decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of atomic radius across a period in the periodic table?

    <p>Decreases from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend of ionization energy across a period in the periodic table?

    <p>Increases from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is characterized by being highly reactive and having a full valence shell?

    <p>Noble gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of group 1 elements?

    <p>[noble gas]ns¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of elements in group 17?

    <p>They are highly reactive and have a partial valence shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of reactivity in group 1 elements?

    <p>Increases down the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of transition metals?

    <p>They often form colored compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of group 15 elements?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is characterized by being less reactive and having a full valence shell?

    <p>Noble gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of melting and boiling points across a period in the periodic table?

    <p>They increase to a peak and then decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of atoms according to Rutherford's model?

    <p>Atoms are predominantly empty space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electrons in chemical reactions and bonding?

    <p>They occupy the outer regions of atoms and interact with electrons from other atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number of an element?

    <p>It determines the chemical properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the atomic structure?

    <p>To understand the properties of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

    <p>The average mass of all the isotopes of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a proton?

    <p>Positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy used to describe the size of the nucleus compared to the atom?

    <p>A pea in a stadium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>It contains most of the atom's mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>They contribute to the atomic mass but do not affect the chemical properties of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of particles in a liquid?

    <p>They possess more energy than particles in a solid, allowing them to move past one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the difference in compressibility between gases and solids?

    <p>The spaces between particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the arrangement of particles in a solid and a liquid?

    <p>The arrangement of particles in a fixed lattice structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of particles in a liquid state?

    <p>They are closely packed but can move past each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the kinetic molecular theory used to explain?

    <p>The existence of different phases of matter and their transitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a gas becomes a liquid through cooling?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a solid maintain its shape and volume?

    <p>Because particles are closely packed in a fixed arrangement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the constant thermal motion of particles in a solid?

    <p>The particles vibrate around fixed positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a drop of food coloring spreading in water?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the shape of a liquid?

    <p>The shape of the container.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the attractive forces between particles in a solid?

    <p>They maintain the fixed structure of the solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of particles in a gas state?

    <p>They are far apart and move freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the random, erratic movement of particles suspended in a fluid?

    <p>Brownian Motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of particles in a gas?

    <p>They have high energy and move rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of a solid changing to a liquid due to the addition of heat?

    <p>Melting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a solid becomes a liquid through the addition of heat?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a liquid becomes a solid through the removal of heat?

    <p>Freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the difference in density between gases and liquids?

    <p>The spaces between particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of James Chadwick's discovery?

    <p>The discovery of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of electrons in the quantum mechanical model?

    <p>They exhibit wave-particle duality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement used to simplify the mass of atoms?

    <p>Atomic mass units (u)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a gas becomes a liquid upon cooling?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of particles in a solid?

    <p>They are close together and have a fixed position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of atomic models?

    <p>To visualize and understand complex atomic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient Greek philosopher introduced the concept of atoms?

    <p>Democritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Rutherford's Nuclear Model of the atom?

    <p>Atoms with a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass unit (u)?

    <p>It provides a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Dalton's model?

    <p>It did not account for the existence of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of electrons moving between energy levels in an atom?

    <p>The emission of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It revealed the existence of a dense, positively charged nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>To contribute to the overall mass of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of Bohr's model?

    <p>It explained the behavior of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the quantum mechanical model?

    <p>It is a more complex and accurate description of atomic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes involves the direct transition from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of models in science?

    <p>To help visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of particles losing energy and moving closer together?

    <p>The formation of a solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where a gas becomes a solid upon losing energy?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of particles in a gas?

    <p>They are far apart and have a random position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What portion of the atom's volume is largely empty space?

    <p>Most of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of an electron?

    <p>-1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the atomic number of an element?

    <p>Number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the atomic structure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nucleus?

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>To stabilize the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number?

    <p>It determines the chemical properties of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy used to describe the size of the nucleus compared to the atom?

    <p>A pea in a soccer stadium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element?

    <p>Relative atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of electrons in an atom?

    <p>To interact with other atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average atomic mass of chlorine?

    <p>35.5 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of isotopes in medicine?

    <p>To treat cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the energy level of an electron in an atom?

    <p>The distance from the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of fluorine?

    <p>1s² 2s² 2p⁵</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Aufbau diagrams?

    <p>To show the electron configuration of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of electrons in the first energy level of an atom?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a guideline for determining the electron configuration?

    <p>Electrons occupy the highest energy orbitals first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of electrons in an atom's energy levels and orbitals?

    <p>Electron configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the reactivity and properties of an element?

    <p>The electron configuration of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding isotopes in environmental science?

    <p>To understand climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of nucleons in the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>Protons plus neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for the atomic mass number?

    <p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an isotope?

    <p>Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a positively charged ion?

    <p>Cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the term 'isotope'?

    <p>Greek words for 'same' and 'place'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the average atomic mass of an element?

    <p>(% Isotope 1 x Atomic Mass of Isotope 1) + (% Isotope 2 x Atomic Mass of Isotope 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of isotopes that is identical?

    <p>Chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation for representing an isotope?

    <p>Element symbol and atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the difference in the number of neutrons in isotopes?

    <p>Different physical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for oxygen in the Lewis notation?

    <p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the average atomic mass of an element?

    <p>To simplify the mass of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when four electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for carbon in the Lewis notation?

    <p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bond formed when six electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Triple bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for hydrogen in the Lewis notation?

    <p>H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a bond formed when two electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Single bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for nitrogen in the Lewis notation?

    <p>N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representation of a single covalent bond in Lewis notation?

    <p>One pair of dots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is in period 3 and group 15?

    <p>Phosphorus (P)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trend is observed in the periodic table for atomic radius?

    <p>Decreases across a period from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is very reactive and has full valence shells?

    <p>Group 18: Noble gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements has the electron configuration [noble gas]ns²np⁵?

    <p>Chlorine (Cl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements includes metals and metalloids?

    <p>Group 13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend for ionisation energy in the periodic table?

    <p>Increases across a period from left to right and decreases down a group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements has a general electron configuration of [noble gas]ns²np²?

    <p>Group 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Group 1: Alkali metals?

    <p>Soft and highly reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements has a general electron configuration of [noble gas]ns²np³?

    <p>Group 15: Pnictogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Group 2: Alkaline earth metals?

    <p>Less reactive than alkali metals but still quite reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the noble gases?

    <p>Inert (non-reactive) gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of the noble gases?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np⁶</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the atomic radius of the noble gases as you move down the group?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ionisation energy of the noble gases as you move down the group?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in electronegativity of the noble gases as you move down the group?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of helium?

    <p>1s²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the valence electron configuration of chlorine?

    <p>[Ne]3s²3p⁵</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Lewis notation for a hydrogen atom?

    <p>H with one dot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Lewis notation for a chlorine atom?

    <p>Cl with seven dots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Lewis notation for a hydrogen chloride molecule?

    <p>H next to Cl with a pair of dots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of spectroscopic notation?

    <p>To provide a concise way to represent electron configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for electrons in the inner energy levels of an atom?

    <p>Core electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the octet rule related to?

    <p>The formation of chemical bonds until an atom has eight electrons in its outermost shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of elements in the periodic table based on?

    <p>Their atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Pauli's exclusion principle?

    <p>It states that electrons have a property called spin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy required to remove one electron from an atom in the gas phase?

    <p>Ionization energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of s orbitals?

    <p>They are spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding electron configuration?

    <p>To predict the chemical behavior of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the valence shell?

    <p>It is crucial in determining an element's chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with creating the first widely recognized periodic table?

    <p>Dmitri Mendeleev</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when particles in a solid gain enough energy to overcome attractive forces?

    <p>They move freely as a gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of John Dalton's model of the atom?

    <p>It did not account for the existence of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the 'plum pudding model' of the atom?

    <p>Atoms are made up of electrons embedded in a 'soup' of positive charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It suggested a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of Niels Bohr's model of the atom?

    <p>It explained the quantized nature of atomic spectra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where a gas becomes a liquid upon cooling?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concept of atoms in the fifth century BC?

    <p>Democritus and Leucippus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the direct transition from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to particles in a solid when they gain enough energy?

    <p>They move freely as a gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reverse process of sublimation?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of James Chadwick's discovery?

    <p>The discovery of the neutron, which completes the basic picture of atomic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the quantum mechanical model?

    <p>Electrons exist in probabilistic orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the atomic mass unit (u)?

    <p>To provide a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment?

    <p>It demonstrated the structure of the nucleus and the orbiting of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of particles in a liquid?

    <p>They possess more energy than those in a solid, allowing them to move past one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>To make up the atomic nucleus along with protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the attractive forces between particles as matter transitions from solid to liquid?

    <p>They become weaker but still significant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of atomic models in science?

    <p>To help visualize and understand complex systems that cannot be directly observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the constant thermal motion of particles?

    <p>The diffusion of many particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Dalton's model?

    <p>It envisions atoms as solid, indivisible spheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the existence of different phases of matter?

    <p>States of matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of electrons in the quantum mechanical model?

    <p>They have a wave-particle duality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass unit (u)?

    <p>It is a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a solid?

    <p>They have low energy and vibrate in place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where matter changes from one phase to another through the addition or removal of heat?

    <p>Phase transitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nucleus?

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of gases?

    <p>They have high energy and move rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of particles in a solid according to the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>Tightly packed in a regular pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of attractive forces in solids?

    <p>They maintain the fixed structure of the solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of particles in a gas?

    <p>They have high energy and move rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of electrons in chemical reactions and bonding?

    <p>To interact with electrons from other atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>A tiny, dense, positively charged region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the atomic mass and diameter?

    <p>To better grasp the scale and structure of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a proton?

    <p>+1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>To stabilize the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nucleus?

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number?

    <p>It defines the identity of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy used to describe the size of the nucleus compared to the atom?

    <p>A pea in a soccer stadium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of understanding the atomic structure?

    <p>To understand chemical reactions, bonding, and the properties of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

    <p>The average mass of all the isotopes of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of matter where particles are closely packed but can move past each other?

    <p>Liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of a gas becoming a liquid?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas rapidly with the formation of bubbles?

    <p>Boiling Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of particles in a gas according to the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>Far apart and moving freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the random, erratic movement of particles suspended in a fluid?

    <p>Brownian Motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of a solid becoming a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reverse process of sublimation?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass number of a carbon atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an isotope?

    <p>Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a positively charged ion?

    <p>Cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation for representing an element, including its atomic number and atomic mass number?

    <p>(^{A}_{Z}X)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of isotopes that results in identical chemical properties?

    <p>Same number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the average atomic mass of an element with multiple isotopes?

    <p>( %Isotope 1 imes Atomic Mass of Isotope 1) + ( %Isotope 2 imes Atomic Mass of Isotope 2 )</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of an atom gaining or losing electrons to form an ion?

    <p>Ionization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the atomic number and atomic mass number?

    <p>Atomic number is the number of protons, while atomic mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass number?

    <p>It provides a measure of the mass of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the Greek origin of the word 'isotope'?

    <p>Isos means 'same' and topos means 'place'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond formed when two electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Single Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?

    <p>Two pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is represented by a pair of dots between two atoms in Lewis notation?

    <p>A single covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of electrons are shared in a triple covalent bond?

    <p>Three pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is represented by three pairs of dots between two atoms in Lewis notation?

    <p>A triple covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of atoms in the hydrogen cyanide molecule?

    <p>Carbon in the center with a hydrogen atom on one side and a nitrogen atom on the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representation of the remaining valence electrons of oxygen in a carbon dioxide molecule?

    <p>Two pairs of dots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed between the carbon atom and the hydrogen atom in a hydrogen cyanide molecule?

    <p>Single covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average atomic mass of chlorine?

    <p>35.5 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fields does not involve the use of isotopes?

    <p>Computer Science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which energy level has the lowest energy electrons in an atom?

    <p>First energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements has an electron configuration of 1s² 2s² 2p⁵?

    <p>Fluorine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Aufbau diagrams?

    <p>To depict the electron configuration of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the electron configuration of an element?

    <p>The number of electrons in the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of electrons in the same orbital?

    <p>They are paired up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the electron arrangement in an atom?

    <p>It determines the reactivity of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the electron configuration of an atom?

    <p>To understand the properties and reactivity of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of spectroscopic notation?

    <p>To provide a concise way to represent electron configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Pauli's exclusion principle related to?

    <p>The spin of electrons in the same orbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the chemical properties of an element?

    <p>The number of valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy required to remove one electron from an atom in the gas phase?

    <p>Ionisation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the periodic table?

    <p>To show the recurring trends in the properties of elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of elements in the periodic table?

    <p>In order of increasing atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of atoms interacting through their valence electrons during chemical reactions?

    <p>The formation of chemical bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell?

    <p>The octet rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding electron configuration?

    <p>It allows us to predict the chemical reactivity of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration for Group 18 elements, except for Helium?

    <p>ns²np⁶</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the atomic radius of elements in Group 18 as you move down the group?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in ionisation energy for Group 18 elements as you move down the group?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is highly reactive, especially with water?

    <p>Group 1: Alkali Metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in electronegativity for Group 18 elements as you move down the group?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period number indicates the highest energy level that is being filled with electrons?

    <p>Any period number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in density for Group 18 elements as you move down the group?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following trends is observed in the periodic table?

    <p>Atomic radius decreases across a period from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is characterized by having full valence shells?

    <p>Group 18: Noble Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron structure of alkali metals?

    <p>A single electron in the outermost shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of the elements in Group 1?

    <p>[noble gas]ns¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reactivity trend for alkali metals as you move down the group?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Lewis structures?

    <p>To represent valence electrons in an atom or molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is a metalloid?

    <p>Boron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of the elements in Group 17?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np⁵</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the valence electron configuration of a chlorine atom?

    <p>[Ne]3s²3p⁵</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is characterized by having 7 valence electrons?

    <p>Group 17: Halogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Lewis structure of a hydrogen chloride molecule (HCl)?

    <p>H - Cl :</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in reactivity down a group of the alkali metals?

    <p>Reactivity increases down the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is characterized by having 2 valence electrons?

    <p>Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a liquid?

    <p>Closely packed but can move past each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where a gas becomes a liquid?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the shape of a liquid?

    <p>Container shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the constant thermal motion of particles?

    <p>Brownian motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between sublimation and deposition?

    <p>Sublimation is a solid becoming a gas, while deposition is a gas becoming a solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the solid and gas states of matter?

    <p>Particle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a gas?

    <p>Far apart and move freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>To explain the properties of liquids and gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of Chadwick's discovery?

    <p>The discovery of the neutron, which makes up the atomic nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass unit (u)?

    <p>It provides a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of electrons in the quantum mechanical model?

    <p>They are treated as both particles and waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment?

    <p>To investigate the structure of the atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>They make up the atomic nucleus along with protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between sublimation and deposition?

    <p>Sublimation involves a direct transition from a solid to a gas, while deposition involves a direct transition from a gas to a solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number?

    <p>It determines the position of an element in the periodic table.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of John Dalton's model of the atom?

    <p>Atoms are composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of J.J. Thomson's plum pudding model?

    <p>It does not explain the arrangement of electrons within the atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of atomic models?

    <p>To help visualize and understand complex atomic systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of Niels Bohr's model of the atom?

    <p>It explains the quantized nature of atomic spectra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Dalton's model?

    <p>It envisions atoms as solid, indivisible spheres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Rutherford's nuclear model?

    <p>Atoms have a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It suggested a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a gas becomes a liquid upon cooling?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the quantum mechanical model of the atom?

    <p>Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and Born</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of particles in a solid?

    <p>Particles have a fixed shape and volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of atomic models in science?

    <p>To provide a simplified understanding of the structure of atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the transition from a solid to a liquid as it absorbs heat?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the concept of atoms?

    <p>It shows that all matter is composed of small, indivisible particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concept behind the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>The movement of particles due to thermal energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the particles in a solid when it is heated?

    <p>They gain energy and vibrate more vigorously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of particles in a liquid?

    <p>They have a fixed volume but not a fixed shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the increased energy of particles in a gas?

    <p>They move rapidly and are widely spaced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of a solid changing directly to a gas?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the state of matter?

    <p>The temperature of the matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the attractive forces between particles in a liquid?

    <p>They are significant enough to maintain cohesion but allow particle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the particles in a solid having low energy?

    <p>They vibrate in place and are tightly packed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the solid and liquid states of matter?

    <p>The degree of particle movement and freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the kinetic molecular theory primarily used to explain?

    <p>The transitions between different phases of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of electrons in chemical reactions and bonding?

    <p>Interacting with electrons from other atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a proton?

    <p>+1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element?

    <p>Relative atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the atomic structure?

    <p>To grasp the scale and structure of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nucleus?

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>They stabilize the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy used to describe the size of the nucleus compared to the atom?

    <p>A pea in a soccer stadium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of protons and neutrons?

    <p>They have similar masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of understanding the atomic mass and diameter?

    <p>A better understanding of the scale and structure of atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of noble gases?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np⁶</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following trends is observed in group 18 elements?

    <p>Increasing atomic radius down the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is known for being highly reactive, especially with water?

    <p>Alkali metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reactivity of noble gases like?

    <p>Non-reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of the elements in group 1?

    <p>[noble gas]ns¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which group do elements have a full valence shell and are therefore inert?

    <p>Noble gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of helium?

    <p>1s²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall trend in atomic radius across a period?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a noble gas?

    <p>Helium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is a pnictogen?

    <p>Phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the valence electron configuration of chlorine?

    <p>3s²3p⁵</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are valence electrons represented in Lewis notation?

    <p>With a dot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in ionization energy across a period?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is characterized by high melting points and densities?

    <p>Transition metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Lewis structure of a hydrogen atom?

    <p>H with one dot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of the elements in group 2?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed in a hydrogen chloride molecule?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is a halogen?

    <p>Chlorine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many valence electrons does a chlorine atom have?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in electronegativity across a period?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is represented by a pair of dots between two atoms in Lewis notation?

    <p>A single covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average atomic mass of chlorine?

    <p>35.5 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when four electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fields relies heavily on isotopes?

    <p>Chemistry and Physics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrons in the same orbital are called a

    <p>Electron Pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of electrons are shared in a triple covalent bond?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of fluorine?

    <p>1s² 2s² 2p⁵</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for carbon in a molecule?

    <p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Aufbau diagrams?

    <p>To show the electron configuration of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for oxygen in a molecule?

    <p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of electrons are represented by the dots around the oxygen atom in a water molecule?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the energy levels in an atom?

    <p>They determine the reactivity of an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule that states that electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first?

    <p>Aufbau principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed between the carbon and nitrogen atoms in a hydrogen cyanide molecule?

    <p>Triple bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron arrangement of lithium?

    <p>First energy level has 2 electrons, second energy level has 1 electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of electrons are shared between the carbon and oxygen atoms in a carbon dioxide molecule?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the region around an atom where an electron is likely to be found?

    <p>Orbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of isotopes in environmental science?

    <p>They are used to study climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass number of an atom?

    <p>The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an isotope?

    <p>Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

    <p>A cation is a positively charged ion, while an anion is a negatively charged ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the average atomic mass of an element, taking into account the relative abundances of its isotopes?

    <p>Average atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation used to represent an element, including its atomic number, atomic mass number, and chemical symbol?

    <p>(^{A}_{Z}X)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of isotopes of an element?

    <p>They have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of an atom gaining or losing electrons to form an ion?

    <p>Electron transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the difference in the number of neutrons in isotopes of an element?

    <p>Different physical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Greek origin of the term 'isotope'?

    <p>It indicates that isotopes occupy the same place on the periodic table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the average atomic mass of an element with multiple isotopes?

    <p>( ( % Isotope 1 imes Atomic Mass of Isotope 1) + ( % Isotope 2 imes Atomic Mass of Isotope 2) )</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Hund's rule?

    <p>It states that electrons prefer to occupy orbitals singly rather than pair up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of s orbitals?

    <p>Spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom?

    <p>Valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding electron configuration?

    <p>To predict the reactivity of elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the octet rule?

    <p>It indicates that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table?

    <p>In order of increasing atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy required to remove one electron from an atom in the gas phase?

    <p>Ionisation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of spectroscopic notation?

    <p>To provide a concise way to represent electron configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of noble gases?

    <p>They have a full valence shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Pauli's exclusion principle?

    <p>It states that two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who predicted the existence of a neutral particle in the nucleus to account for its stability despite the repulsive forces between protons?

    <p>Ernest Rutherford</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the model that describes electrons as existing in probabilistic orbitals rather than fixed orbits?

    <p>Quantum Mechanical Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement used to simplify the mass of atoms?

    <p>atomic mass unit (u)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of James Chadwick's discovery?

    <p>The discovery of the neutron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the experiment that helped Ernest Rutherford to investigate the structure of the atom?

    <p>Alpha-Particle Scattering Experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of particles in a liquid state?

    <p>Particles are closely packed but can move past each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a liquid spreads out to occupy a larger volume?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of electrons in the quantum mechanical model?

    <p>They exist in probabilistic orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic mass unit (u)?

    <p>It is a relative scale for comparing the masses of different atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the random, erratic movement of particles suspended in a fluid?

    <p>Brownian Motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of atomic models in science?

    <p>To visualize and understand complex atomic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the solid and gas states of matter?

    <p>Particle arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of electrons moving between energy levels in an atom?

    <p>The emission or absorption of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a gas becomes a liquid?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of atomic models?

    <p>To visualize and understand complex atomic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of particles in a gas state?

    <p>Far apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of particles in the solid state?

    <p>Closely packed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a liquid becomes a solid as it loses heat?

    <p>Freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind the process of evaporation?

    <p>Gain of energy by particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the direct transition from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the concept of atoms in the fifth century BC?

    <p>Democritus and Leucippus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Dalton's model?

    <p>It does not account for the existence of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of electrons in Rutherford's nuclear model?

    <p>They orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Bohr's model?

    <p>It explains the quantized nature of atomic spectra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the process of condensation?

    <p>A gas becomes a liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force behind the process of deposition?

    <p>Loss of energy by particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects the energy level of particles in matter?

    <p>The temperature of the matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a solid state?

    <p>They vibrate around fixed positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models of the atom is most similar to the modern understanding of the atom?

    <p>Rutherford's nuclear model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the addition of heat to a solid?

    <p>The particles gain energy and vibrate more vigorously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the gold foil experiment in the development of the atomic model?

    <p>It showed the existence of a dense, positively charged nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles in a liquid state?

    <p>They possess more energy than particles in a solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the removal of heat from a liquid?

    <p>The particles lose energy and vibrate more slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gases?

    <p>They have high energy and move rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the attractive forces in a solid and a liquid?

    <p>The attractive forces are weaker in a liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the constant thermal motion of particles?

    <p>The diffusion of many particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

    <p>It led Rutherford to propose a new model of the atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the kinetic molecular theory?

    <p>To provide a conceptual framework for understanding the phases of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the transition from a liquid to a solid state?

    <p>The particles lose energy and vibrate more slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the atomic number of an element?

    <p>The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of an electron?

    <p>One unit of negative electric charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of atomic models in science?

    <p>To understand the structure of atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the atomic structure?

    <p>To understand chemical reactions and bonding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

    <p>The average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of that element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy used to describe the size of the nucleus compared to the atom?

    <p>A pea in a stadium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a proton?

    <p>One unit of positive electric charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atomic number?

    <p>It determines the chemical properties of an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrons in an atom?

    <p>They contribute to the atomic mass but do not affect the chemical properties of the atom directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass number of an atom that has 6 protons and 6 neutrons?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons?

    <p>Isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for carbon?

    <p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a positively charged ion?

    <p>Cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the term 'isotope'?

    <p>From the Greek words 'iso' and 'topos'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of isotopes of an element?

    <p>Same atomic numbers but different atomic mass numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the average atomic mass of an element?

    <p>(% Isotope 1 × Atomic Mass of Isotope 1) + (% Isotope 2 × Atomic Mass of Isotope 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation for chlorine-35?

    <p>^[35}_{17}Cl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of gaining or losing electrons in an atom?

    <p>Formation of an ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>Atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in atomic radius across a period in the periodic table?

    <p>Decreases from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is characterized by having a full valence shell and being inert?

    <p>Group 18: Noble Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in ionization energy across a period in the periodic table?

    <p>Increases from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of the elements in Group 1: Alkali Metals?

    <p>[noble gas]ns¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed when two electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Single bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is characterized by being highly reactive, especially with water?

    <p>Group 1: Alkali Metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in electronegativity across a period in the periodic table?

    <p>Increases from left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of pairs of electrons shared between two atoms in a double bond?

    <p>Two pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed when six electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Triple bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the transition metals in the periodic table?

    <p>They often form colored compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of the elements in Group 15: Pnictogens?

    <p>[noble gas]ns²np³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of electrons are represented by the dots between the H and C symbols in the hydrogen cyanide molecule?

    <p>One pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the halogens in the periodic table?

    <p>They are highly reactive non-metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of pairs of dots placed between the C and N symbols in the hydrogen cyanide molecule?

    <p>Three pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol used to represent carbon in the Lewis notation?

    <p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in reactivity down Group 1: Alkali Metals?

    <p>Increases down the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of electrons are represented by the dots around the oxygen atom in the water molecule?

    <p>Two pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed when four electrons are shared between two atoms?

    <p>Double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average atomic mass of chlorine?

    <p>35.5 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of isotopes in environmental science?

    <p>Understanding climate change and geological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy level of an electron that is closest to the nucleus?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons can occupy an orbital?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of fluorine?

    <p>1s² 2s² 2p⁵</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Aufbau diagrams?

    <p>To represent the electron configuration of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy level of an electron that is farthest from the nucleus?

    <p>Depends on the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first?

    <p>Because they have lower energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of electrons in an atom's energy levels and orbitals?

    <p>Electron configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the reactivity and properties of an element?

    <p>The distribution of electrons among energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Hund's rule?

    <p>To explain the preference of electrons to occupy orbitals singly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Pauli's exclusion principle?

    <p>It asserts that electrons have a property called spin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of spectroscopic notation?

    <p>It provides a concise way to represent electron configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of s orbitals?

    <p>Spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of understanding electron configuration?

    <p>It is fundamental to predicting and explaining an element's chemical behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between core and valence electrons?

    <p>Valence electrons are involved in chemical reactions, while core electrons are not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the octet rule?

    <p>It indicates that atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their outermost shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of elements in the periodic table?

    <p>In order of increasing atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy required to remove one electron from an atom in the gas phase?

    <p>Ionisation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general electron configuration of the noble gases?

    <p>ns²np⁶</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trend is observed in the atomic radius of the noble gases as you move down the group?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the noble gases that makes them unreactive?

    <p>They have a full outer energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend observed in the ionization energy of the noble gases as you move down the group?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Lewis structures in chemistry?

    <p>To represent the valence electrons of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the valence electrons of an atom represented in a Lewis structure?

    <p>With a dot (.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed between the hydrogen and chlorine atoms in a hydrogen chloride molecule?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of valence electrons in a chlorine atom?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend observed in the reactivity of the alkali metals as you move down the group?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of the alkali metals?

    <p>ns¹</p> Signup and view all the answers

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