COPY: States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes the state of a solid from a liquid?

  • A solid can be compressed significantly.
  • A solid has no definite shape.
  • A solid cannot fill a container.
  • A solid has a definite volume and shape. (correct)

    • Which statement about gases is correct?

  • Gases fill the entire volume of their container. (correct)
  • Gases have a definite volume but no fixed shape.
  • Gases tend to have stronger interparticle attractions than liquids.
  • Gases can be compressed to occupy a larger volume.

    • How does the kinetic energy of particles in a gas compare to that in a solid?

  • Particles in a gas have lower kinetic energy than those in a solid.
  • Particles in a gas have higher kinetic energy than those in a solid. (correct)
  • Kinetic energy is irrelevant to the states of matter.
  • Particles in a gas have the same kinetic energy as those in a solid.

    • Which of the following best describes plasma?

    <p>Plasma is formed at high temperatures with ionized gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do liquids have a distinct volume?

    <p>Because liquid particles have strong interparticle attractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily affects the state of matter of a substance?

    <p>The temperature and kinetic energy of the particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state of matter is characterized by particles that are widely spaced and have minimal attraction to each other?

    <p>Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does a liquid differ from a gas regarding compressibility?

    <p>Liquids are not compressible to any appreciable extent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically causes Permanent Dipole-Permanent Dipole interactions?

    <p>Differences in electronegativity between bonded atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of substances is influenced by Permanent Dipole-Permanent Dipole interactions?

    <p>Bromine fluoride (BrF) and sulfur dioxide (SO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a polar molecule induce a dipole moment in a nonpolar molecule?

    <p>Through the disruption of electron arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of intermolecular forces is stronger than dipole-induced dipole interactions?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Induced Dipole - Induced Dipole (Dispersion Forces)?

    <p>They are significant only over very short distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about dipole-dipole interactions is true?

    <p>Attractive forces arise from opposite charges in polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interaction is characterized by very weak forces and present in all types of molecules in condensed phases?

    <p>Induced Dipole – Induced Dipole (Dispersion Forces)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average energy associated with a dipole-dipole interaction per mole of bonds?

    <p>4 kJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily accounts for the high melting and boiling points of water compared to similar compounds?

    <p>Hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the dissolution process, what is a characteristic of a solution?

    <p>It is a homogeneous mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intermolecular forces are present in water?

    <p>Hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a solution?

    <p>Solvent and solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to solids like sodium chloride when water evaporates from their solution?

    <p>They yield the original solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the ease of dissolution of a solute?

    <p>The color of the solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), what type of intermolecular forces are expected?

    <p>Dipole-dipole interactions and London dispersion forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the solvent in a solution?

    <p>It is the most abundant species present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that an exothermic dissolution process is favored?

    <p>Decrease in the energy of the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding weak attractions in the dissolution process?

    <p>Weak solute-solute attractions favor solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the heat of solution, ΔHsolution, primarily depend on?

    <p>The strength of interactions between solute and solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the dissolution process is considered endothermic?

    <p>Overcoming solute-solute attractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a dissolution process to be considered exothermic overall, what must occur?

    <p>Energy released in Step c must exceed the energy absorbed in Steps a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dissolution contribute to disorder in a solution?

    <p>Solute particles gain freedom of motion in the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following scenarios can a solid dissolve in a liquid despite an endothermic process?

    <p>If there is a large increase in disorder during dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does entropy play in the dissolution process of solids in liquids?

    <p>A high disorder in the solute can favor dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason that naphthalene does not dissolve in water?

    <p>Naphthalene is nonpolar while water is polar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the magnitude of lattice energy in ionic compounds?

    <p>Decreasing size of ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of process is the dissolution of most ionic solids that release heat?

    <p>Always exothermic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding gases dissolving in liquids?

    <p>Polar gases are most soluble in polar solvents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dissolution process when considering liquids mixing with liquids?

    <p>Miscibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the charge-to-size ratio affect the solubility of ionic solids?

    <p>As the ratio increases, lattice energy often increases more than hydration energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dissolution behavior of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3?

    <p>It dissolves slightly endothermically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does carbon dioxide seem to have higher solubility in water compared to other nonpolar gases?

    <p>It chemically reacts with water to form carbonic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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