States and Changes of Matter

Study Notes

States of Matter

Matter is anything with mass and space, whether living or nonliving. It can be sensed (sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell). Matter is composed of tiny particles.
Three main states: Solid, Liquid, Gas
Plasma: A charged gas with strong electrostatic interactions. It's the most common state in the universe, found in stars and the sun.
Solid: Strong bonds between particles
Liquid: Weak bonds between particles
Gas: No bonds between particles
Plasma: Ionization (electrons are stripped from atoms)

Bose-Einstein Condensate

A state of matter created by cooling atoms to near absolute zero.
Atoms have almost no free energy and clump together.
They become identical and behave as a single atom.

Changes in Matter

Physical Change: No bonds broken or formed. The same compounds or elements are present at the start and end. Properties remain the same.
- Examples include changes of state (solid to liquid, etc.)
- Involves moving molecules around, not changing them.
Chemical Change: Bonds are broken and/or formed. One substance with specific properties changes into a different substance with different properties.
- Often harder to reverse than physical changes.

Elements and Compounds

Element: A substance made of only one type of atom. Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
Compound: A substance made of more than one type of atom. Can be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

Subatomic Particles

Subatomic Particles: Smaller than atoms.
Protons: Positively charged.
Electrons: Negatively charged.
Neutrons: Neutral.
Nucleus: Contains protons and neutrons.
Electron Cloud: Where electrons are located.
Mass Number: Protons + Neutrons
Atomic Number: Number of protons (and electrons)
Neutrons: Mass number - Atomic number
Protons: Atomic number
Electron configuration: the arrangement of electrons in different energy levels.

The Water Cycle

Evaporation: Water heated by the sun turns into vapor and rises.
Transpiration: Plants release water vapor.
Condensation: Water vapor cools, turning into water droplets to form clouds.
Precipitation: Water falls back to Earth as rain, snow, sleet or hail.
Infiltration/Percolation: Water soaks into the ground.
Runoff: Water flows over land into rivers, lakes, and oceans.

Description

Explore the different states of matter including solids, liquids, gases, and plasma, as well as the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensates. This quiz covers the properties and changes of matter, focusing on physical changes and their examples. Test your knowledge of how matter behaves under various conditions.