States and Changes of Matter

States of Matter

• Matter is anything with mass and space, whether living or nonliving. It can be sensed (sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell). Matter is composed of tiny particles.
• Three main states: Solid, Liquid, Gas
• Plasma: A charged gas with strong electrostatic interactions. It's the most common state in the universe, found in stars and the sun.
• Solid: Strong bonds between particles
• Liquid: Weak bonds between particles
• Gas: No bonds between particles
• Plasma: Ionization (electrons are stripped from atoms)

Bose-Einstein Condensate

• A state of matter created by cooling atoms to near absolute zero.
• Atoms have almost no free energy and clump together.
• They become identical and behave as a single atom.

Changes in Matter

• Physical Change: No bonds broken or formed. The same compounds or elements are present at the start and end. Properties remain the same.
  • Examples include changes of state (solid to liquid, etc.)
  • Involves moving molecules around, not changing them.
• Chemical Change: Bonds are broken and/or formed. One substance with specific properties changes into a different substance with different properties.
  • Often harder to reverse than physical changes.

Elements and Compounds

• Element: A substance made of only one type of atom. Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
• Compound: A substance made of more than one type of atom. Can be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

Subatomic Particles

• Subatomic Particles: Smaller than atoms.
• Protons: Positively charged.
• Electrons: Negatively charged.
• Neutrons: Neutral.
• Nucleus: Contains protons and neutrons.
• Electron Cloud: Where electrons are located.
• Mass Number: Protons + Neutrons
• Atomic Number: Number of protons (and electrons)
• Neutrons: Mass number - Atomic number
• Protons: Atomic number
• Electron configuration: the arrangement of electrons in different energy levels.

The Water Cycle

• Evaporation: Water heated by the sun turns into vapor and rises.
• Transpiration: Plants release water vapor.
• Condensation: Water vapor cools, turning into water droplets to form clouds.
• Precipitation: Water falls back to Earth as rain, snow, sleet or hail.
• Infiltration/Percolation: Water soaks into the ground.
• Runoff: Water flows over land into rivers, lakes, and oceans.

Explore the different states of matter including solids, liquids, gases, and plasma, as well as the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensates. This quiz covers the properties and changes of matter, focusing on physical changes and their examples. Test your knowledge of how matter behaves under various conditions.