State, Government, and Citizenship

State, Government and Citizenship

• The term 'state' can refer to a range of things, including a collection of institutions, a territorial unit, a philosophical idea, or an instrument of coercion.
• The state is viewed from idealist, functionalist, organizational, and international perspectives.
• Hegel viewed the state as an ethical community based on mutual sympathy and universal altruism.
• Functionalist views see the state's primary function as maintaining social order.
• The state is defined as institutions that maintain order and deliver social stability.
• Some see the state as a mechanism to ameliorate class conflict, ensuring the capitalist system's survival.

The Organizational View of the State

• The state is defined as the apparatus of government in its broadest sense.
• Public institutions are responsible for the collective organization of social existence and are funded at public expense.
• This definition distinguishes clearly between the state and civil society.
• The state includes various institutions of government like bureaucracy, the military, police, courts, and the social security system.
• The organizational approach allows discussion of the state 'rolling forward' or 'rolling back' by expanding/contracting its responsibilities and institutional machinery.

The International Approach and Key Elements of a State

• The international view focuses on the state's external relations, its interactions with other states, and its ability to provide protection against external attacks.
• The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of the State contains the classic definition of a state in international law.
• A state requires a population consisting of people, but there is no set number of people needed to constitute a state.
• States vary in demographic strength.
• A state must have its own defined territory, including land, water, and airspace.
• A state's territorial authority extends to ships on high seas flying its flag and to its embassies/diplomatic residences in foreign lands.
• States can exist as islands like Indonesia, Philippines, and Japan.
• Boundary lines of a state must be well marked, either geographically or through artificial divisions.
• Government is considered the soul of the state and implements the will of the community.
• Government protects people from insecurity and if the state is regarded as the first condition of civilized life, it is due to the existence of a government that maintains law and order.
• A state's government should enforce law to maintain peace and security.
• Forms of government can vary (monarchical, aristocratic, etc.)
• The important thing is having some form of effective governance.
• Without government, there is anarchy, and the state ceases to exist.
• Sovereignty is the highest power of the state, distinguishing it from other associations of human beings.
• Internal sovereignty means no other authority within the state can claim equality with it.
• The state is the final source of all laws internally.
• Recognition is the fifth essential attribute of a state.
• A political unit needs recognition by a significant portion of the international community to be accepted as a state with its own 'international personality'.
• Recognition is desired to bring about legal and political results.
• For a state government to act formally on its behalf, it needs to be recognized as legitimate by other governments.

Rival Theories of the State

• Various theories offer differing accounts of the state's origins, development, and impact on society.

The Pluralist State

• Pluralist theory of the state has a liberal viewpoint where it acts as an 'umpire' or 'referee' in society
• The civil service and the military being seen as independent actors
• The approach is possible because it is based on underlying, and often unacknowledged, assumptions about state neutrality
• The state can be ignored only because it is seen as an impartial arbiter or referee because it can be bent to the will of the government

Capitalist State

• The Marxist notion of a capitalist state is an alternative to the pluralist image of a neutral arbiter or umpire.
• Marxists argue that the state can't be understood separately from the economic structure of society.
• Historically, this was seen as the state being an instrument of class oppression.
• A rich debate has moved Marxist theory of the state beyond this classic formulation.
• Revisions of Marxist attitudes towards the state stem from ambiguities in Marx's writings.

Leviathan State

• The image of the state is associated with the New Right, it is a ‘leviathan’ or self-serving monster intent on expansion and aggrandizement.
• The view is rooted in early or classical liberalism which is a commitment to a form of individualism.
• The New Right is antipathetic towards state intervention in economic and social life.
• This view is born out of the thinking that the state is parasitic growth that threatens individual liberty and economic security.
• The central feature is that the state pursues interests and those interests demand growth in functions of the state
• Marxist state reflects broader class and the autonomous entity that pursues its own interests
• Bureaucratic self-interest supports 'big' government and state intervention.
• It leads to bureaucracy, which helps ensure job security, improve pay, promote the status of public officials.
• The state machine is at odds with the pluralist notion.

Patriarchal State

• Modern thinking accounting for the implications of feminist theory.
• Feminists do not see the deep structure of male power centered on institutions such as the family and the economic system as a central political issue
• Idea that the state exercises is compromised by routine violence and intimidation in family and domestic life

Role of the State

• Contrasting interpretations of state power have implications for the role/responsibilities of the state.
• Revolutionary socialists (inspired by the Leninist slogan) accepted the need for a temporary proletarian state.
• There is profound disagreement about the role the state should play, and the divide between the state and civil society.
• The different state forms that have developed are the following, minimal states, developmental states, social-democratic states and collectivized states.

Minimal States

• The ideal is the ideal of classical liberals, and to ensure that individuals enjoy the widest possible realm of freedom.
• The perspective is rooted in social-contract theory, but it advances a 'negative' view of the state.
• The state has the capacity to constrain human behavior to prevent others from encroaching on their rights and liberties.
• The state is a protective body, with the purpose being to provide a framework of peace/social order in which citizens can conduct their lives.
• The minimal state is limited to a police force, a court system and a military.

Developmental States

• The best historical examples were countries such as the UK and the USA during the 19th century industrialization.
• As a general rule is the more extensive will be its state's economic role as the country industrializes
• An example of a developmental state intervenes in economic life with the intention of industrial growth and the expansion of the economy
• The example is Japan an emphasis of relationship with the business empires that dominated the Japanese economy
• From 1868-1912 the Japanese were in a close relationship with Zaibatsu

Social Democratic (Welfare) States

• Social-democratic states intervene with the intent of bringing about social restructuring, usually in accordance with equality, fairness, and social justice.
• State intervention has been guided by both social democratic and developmental priorities in countries such as Austria and Sweden
• The understanding is a shift from a 'negative' view of the state, and it's seen by some as a necessity, to a positive ideal.
• The social-democratic state is the ideal of both modern liberals and democratic socialists.

Collectivized States

• Collectivized states bring the entirety of economic life under state control.
• Orthodox communist countries such as the USSR and throughout Eastern Europe, as the best examples.
• They abolished private enterprise, and set up planned economies administered by a network of economic ministries and planning committees.
• 'Command economies' existed and these were organized through a system of 'directive' planning controlled by the communist party.
• State collectivization stems from common ownership over private property.
• Utilizing the state suggests a more positive attitude towards state power than outlined in the writings of Marx and Engels (1820-95).

Totalitarian States

• The most extreme and extensive the interventionism is, found in total states.
• Totalitarianism means the construction of the state the influence exists
• Important points of such regimes a process and policing ideologies
• Effectively the abolish sphere of society it is all together

Religious States

• A state as a contradiction
• Largely the the authority over religious authority religious confined to the private
• It through state and church separation
• USA the state nature of the enshrined of the constitution , freedom for shall not
• Main emphasis of the has been maintained
• State religions for example developed privileges

Understanding Government

• Governing means to rule over others government there for a mechanism
• Body or country of state
• Also the
• Politico of
• A government state applies to national for government

Authority

• In politics authority the implies ability to compel obedience
• Defined as is 'legitimacy' while this is the behavior the right to do
• is therefore is manipulation to obey rather than an of coercion
• Thus, exercises that of
• As terror many

Legitimacy

• This prompts authority that authority
• Authoritative transforms a
• Popular law regime authority

Purposes and Functions of Government

• The main of the to justice
• Views between there
• Institutions the institutions Marxist government
• Codes purposes
• State translated to

Major Purposes and Functions of Government

• Self-Preservation
• Distribution
• Management
• Protection
• Implementation
• Provision of Goods and Services

Understanding Citizenship

• Citizenship has a status of
• Series it of the civil in and politics
• Government there are
• Such these

Citizenship as a Status of Rights

• Status a range of
• Discovered four of known
• liberty
• claim
• power -Immunity

Right Liberty

• Freedom for the right holders
• Parties aid to such

Rights Claim

• Inverse of the rights since it another
• An action rights

Power Rights

• Cooperative over each other
• Can modify actions

Immunity Rights

• Absence of a party power
• Can change or be changed

Citizenship

• Associated with community
• Shared country
• Ethnic territories

Participation

• Occupies in but individuals may not see all
• Private or social
• Minimum and maximum

Exclusion

• Everyone is a citizen
• Some are there with documents to travel

Theorizing Citizenship

• Citizenship is is not a static culture
• Changes by policy

Citizenship (Theoretical)

• Other states may give government
• Obligations
• Varied between where to give

Citizenship in Liberal Thought

• Liberal:
• Beginning with individuals Hence:
• Primary unit is focused of fundamentalism
• Liberties:
• Insists and inherited status

Critics of Liberal Theory of Citizenship

• First, how?

• Destroy this mutual beneficial

• Second, liberalism:

• Personality affirmation Third, Freedom

Citizenship Thought (Communitarian)

• Approach to importance
• Citizenship can’t be outside
• The citizen the is society

Theoretical Thinking (Republican)

• Group and individual
• The is community
• Communitarianism

Citizenship (Criticism republican)

• Critics: -Advocate scholars
• Realistic

Of and of

• Of the Universal Declaration of Human Article is given
• Has in follow
• And

Citizenship Origin/Of

• Status a particular Mother
• Origins right
• Suli is it a because

Law/Naturaliaztion

• Legal a new case

Law/Naturalization ( Modes)

• Was
• People

Aquisition

• The abroad and is nationalities

Special

Because it given laws Modes by proclamations

Modes of Aquisition

• Dual
• The a it it Suli
• Through

Ways of to

• Loss while taking a an individuals
• Lose a Ethiopia beyond in questions
• Loss in of of
• when the substitution in the State
• the lack any the state

Summary

• State government of the
• Relationships through institutions
• Administrative empowers to State
• Formal the loss