Bacteriology exam prep staphylococcus, streptococcus, enterococcus
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the capsule produced by Staph. Aureus?

  • To mask the recognition of antibodies by the host immune system (correct)
  • To produce a strong inflammatory response
  • To increase the susceptibility of the bacteria to phagocytosis
  • To facilitate the binding of antibodies to the bacterial cell wall

    • What is the primary role of the protein A expressed on the surface of Staph. Aureus?

  • To bind to immunoglobulins and prevent opsonization (correct)
  • To produce a strong inflammatory response
  • To facilitate the adhesion of bacteria to host cells
  • To facilitate the formation of biofilms

    • Which type of toxin produced by Staph. Aureus is responsible for causing food poisoning?

  • Exfoliatin
  • Enterotoxins (correct)
  • Haemolysins
  • Leukocidins

    • What is the primary function of the enzyme coagulase produced by Staph. Aureus?

    <p>To convert fibrinogen into fibrin, creating clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the enzyme hyaluronidase produced by Staph. Aureus?

    <p>To break down hyaluronic acids in host connective tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of Streptococcus equi infection in horses?

    <p>Uncomplicated recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common site of Streptococcus canis infection in cats?

    <p>Lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Streptococcus suis in pigs?

    <p>Respiratory and oral routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal temperature to kill Streptococcus suis?

    <p>55-60°C for 30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is effective against Streptococcus suis?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaerobic environment do members of the genus Staphylococcus typically prefer?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates coagulase tests among species of Staphylococcus?

    <p>Strain-dependent reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is associated with the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>Accessory genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does Staphylococcus typically colonize in mammals and birds?

    <p>Various sites including nasal cavity, skin, and naso-pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes Coagulase +’ve staphylococcus species from Coagulase -’ve species?

    <p>Primary pathogenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which host proteins do MSCRAMM proteins primarily bind to?

    <p>Collagen and Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant economic consequence of staphylococcal mastitis in the dairy industry?

    <p>Reduced yield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a common predisposing factor for staphylococcal infections?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical form of Staphylococcus hyicus infection in pigs?

    <p>Exudative epidermitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is most clinically relevant in canine pyoderma caused by pseudintermedius?

    <p>Superficial pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for the pathogenesis of pseudintermedius infections?

    <p>Genetic traits shared among all strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature characterizes β(beta) haemolytic streptococcal colonies?

    <p>Lysis of erythrocytes producing a zone of hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which streptococcal protein specifically binds to fibrinogen and confers antiphagocytic properties?

    <p>M Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria predominantly forms pairs when smeared from colonies?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the Streptococcus species is poorly antigenic and does not readily bind to complement components?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Streptococcal surface protein has an analogous counterpart known as SzP in Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus?

    <p>M Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does not contribute to staphylococci's evasion of the immune system?

    <p>Latex agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme produced by Streptococci converts plasminogen to plasmin and aids in fibrin clot degradation?

    <p>Streptokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Streptococcal biofilm regulatory protein A, specifically in Streptococcus agalactiae?

    <p>Promotes establishment of infection and improves antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Enterococcus species is most commonly associated with infections in mammals and birds?

    <p>Enterococcus faecalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the aggregation substance play in Enterococcus pathogenicity?

    <p>Promotes adherence to epithelial surfaces and other enterococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes enterococci in terms of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Intrinsic resistance to beta lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfonamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virulence factor is responsible for cytolysin production in Enterococcus species?

    <p>Cell wall peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pili in Enterococcus species?

    <p>Promotes adhesion to multiple types of cells and biofilm formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary transmission route for causing environmental contamination of mastitis pathogens among cattle?

    <p>Fecal shedding and milk leakage from infected udders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT predispose cattle to mastitis?

    <p>Use of dry cow antibiotic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subspecies of Streptococcus is associated with insect bites leading to mastitis in cattle?

    <p>Streptococcus dysgalactiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor that increases the risk of older cattle contracting mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis?

    <p>Heavy environmental soiling with fecal matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can Streptococcus equi equi persist in contaminated water or feed?

    <p>Short or longer periods, depending on conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the polysaccharide microcapsule produced by Staph. Aureus?

    <p>Masks recognition of antibodies for the cell wall, avoiding complement activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of biofilm formation in Staph. Aureus?

    <p>It is facilitated by surface proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Protein A in Staph. Aureus?

    <p>Binds to immunoglobulins to prevent recognition, opsonization, and innate immune system avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a role of leukocidins in Staph. Aureus?

    <p>Killing phagocytes and avoiding the host innate immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of α(alpha) haemolysin in Staph. Aureus?

    <p>Creating pores in cell membranes, leading to cell lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of clumping factor (bound coagulase) in Staph. Aureus?

    <p>Not mentioned in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the biofilm matrix in Staph. Aureus?

    <p>It is composed of polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of δ(delta) haemolysin in Staph. Aureus?

    <p>Cytotoxic to neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of Streptococcus equi infection in horses?

    <p>Formation of abscesses with long chains of extracellular Streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical incubation period for Streptococcus equi infection in horses?

    <p>3-14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of Streptococcus canis infection in dogs?

    <p>Oropharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Streptococcus equi in horses?

    <p>Contaminated water or feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus that makes it a significant pathogen?

    <p>Its wide host range and opportunistic nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of nasal shedding of Streptococcus equi in horses?

    <p>4-14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of Streptococcus equi infection in horses that can lead to metastasis?

    <p>Guttural pouch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Streptococcus canis that makes it a significant pathogen?

    <p>Its wide host range and opportunistic nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic evolution of lesions in pigs infected with Staphylococcus hyicus?

    <p>Progression to yellowish-brown crusts in specific areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major predisposing factor for greasy pig disease in sows?

    <p>Agalactia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen 24 hours to 10 days after crusting in greasy pig disease?

    <p>Fatal results caused by dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morbidity rate typically seen in exudative epidermitis in pigs?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical sites are commonly isolated for Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs?

    <p>Mouth and perineum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria is Staphylococcus pseudintermedius considered among dogs?

    <p>Normal part of microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of pigs affected by greasy pig disease can reach up to 90%?

    <p>Mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition in pigs can be exacerbated by inappropriate housing materials?

    <p>Exudative epidermitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic trait is essential for the pathogenicity of pseudintermedius infections in dogs?

    <p>Biofilm formation ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition DOES NOT initiate pseudintermedius-associated canine pyoderma?

    <p>Immunodeficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific antimicrobial resistance gene is responsible for rendering pseudintermedius methicillin-resistant?

    <p>mecA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strain type frequently displays resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents in pseudintermedius infections?

    <p>Methicillin-resistant strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pyoderma is most clinically relevant in dogs?

    <p>Superficial pyoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is NOT listed as being predisposed to pseudintermedius infections?

    <p>Labrador Retriever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT caused by pseudintermedius in dogs?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evasion factor produced by pseudintermedius inhibits the function of immune cells in dogs?

    <p>Leukocidins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of staphylococcal species is generally related to veterinary diseases?

    <p>Coagulase -’ve (CoNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of chronic intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infections in dairy cattle?

    <p>Chronic, low-grade or subclinical infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which livestock is most commonly affected by botryomycosis due to Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>Horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is primarily affected by 'greasy pig disease' caused by Staphylococcus hyicus?

    <p>Pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is used to detect subclinical mastitis involving an elevated somatic cell count?

    <p>California mastitis test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the pathogenesis of staphylococcal mastitis, what is formed after the bacteria rapidly replicate?

    <p>Biofilm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with severe and peracute clinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the natural site of Staphylococcus hyicus in pigs where it can be transmitted to piglets?

    <p>Vaginal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of Streptococcus pyogenes infection in cows?

    <p>Mammary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical manifestation of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in dogs?

    <p>Neonatal septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Streptococcus is commonly associated with strangles in horses?

    <p>S.equi s.equi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for examining Streptococcus samples immediately?

    <p>To prevent desiccation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus equisimilis?

    <p>Disease manifestations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using transport medium for Streptococcus samples?

    <p>To preserve the sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common site of Streptococcus canis infection in dogs?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus suis?

    <p>Host range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic arrangement of staphylococci in stained smears?

    <p>Pairs, tetrads, or irregular grape-like clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal temperature range for the growth of staphylococci?

    <p>30-37°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the colony morphology of staphylococci on NA?

    <p>Round, pigmented, and butyrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the catalase test in the identification of staphylococci?

    <p>To differentiate staphylococci from streptococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic haemolysis produced by coagulase-positive staphylococci on BA?

    <p>β-haemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the modified oxidase test in the identification of staphylococci?

    <p>To distinguish between staphylococci and micrococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of staphylococci in terms of oxygen requirements?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of staphylococci in terms of salt tolerance?

    <p>Tolerant to high salt concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of streptococci is characterized by the production of CAMP factor?

    <p>Group B streptococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of identification for precise species identification of streptococci?

    <p>MALDI TOF MS or PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Enterococcus species is associated with opportunistic infections in poultry, including urinary tract infections and hepatic abscesses?

    <p>E. faecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using a Gram stain and catalase test in the identification of Enterococcus?

    <p>To identify the genus Enterococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medium is used to selectively isolate Enterococcus from a mixed culture?

    <p>SBA or ESA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes Enterococcus from group D streptococci?

    <p>Reclassification as a separate genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common site of Enterococcus infection in animals?

    <p>Respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Lancefield grouping system in the identification of streptococci?

    <p>To identify specific streptococcal species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medium is used as a selective-differential media for inoculation of staphylococcal samples?

    <p>Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Staphylococcus felis commonly causes which condition in cats?

    <p>Otitis externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Staphylococcus is most likely to cause pyogenic wound infections primarily in dogs and cats?

    <p>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sample is usually sent to the laboratory for examining clinical and subclinical mastitis?

    <p>Milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is NOT commonly used to identify the genus and/or species of staphylococcal infections after obtaining a pure culture?

    <p>Methylene blue reduction test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Staphylococcus species is associated with exudative epidermitis in piglets and polyarthritis in birds?

    <p>Staphylococcus hyicus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is least associated with Staphylococcus aureus in various animal species?

    <p>Exudative epidermitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medium is Columbia Naladixic Acid agar (CNA) classified as?

    <p>Selective medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agar is used as a selective-differential medium for isolating Streptococcus species?

    <p>Chromogenic Streptococcus Agar (CSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphology of Streptococcus colonies after 24 hours of incubation?

    <p>Round, non-pigmented, smooth, convex, shiny colonies with a diameter of 0.5-1 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is optimal for the growth of Streptococcus species during cultivation?

    <p>Aerobically with reduced O2 and 5% CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method can be used to differentiate Streptococcus from other gram-positive cocci?

    <p>Catalase test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of colony morphology on selective-differential media?

    <p>Identifying the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which testing method is used after obtaining a pure culture to identify the genus of Streptococcus?

    <p>Catalase test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the arrangement of Streptococcus agalactiae in stained smears?

    <p>Long chains with up to 40 cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genus Staphylococcus

    • Over 70 species and subspecies
    • Wide host range, with most species being commensal and only some causing opportunistic infections
    • Found naturally worldwide in mammals and birds
    • Colonizes in nasal cavity, naso-pharynx, skin, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal tract (transiently)

    Characteristics

    • Gram-positive cocci, often in grape-like clusters
    • Facultative anaerobes, with one anaerobic subspecies and one microaerophilic species
    • Catalase-positive
    • Coagulase tests are variable by species and are used to differentiate between Staphylococcus species

    Virulence Factors

    • Staphylococcus aureus: opportunistic pathogen with a broad range of virulence factors
    • Cell wall-associated structures: MSCRAMM (Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules) for cell surface attachment, colonization, and invasion
    • Capsule: most strains do not produce large capsules, but produce a polysaccharide microcapsule
    • Biofilm: plays a role in bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatments
    • Protein A: binds to immunoglobulins to prevent recognition and opsonization
    • Exotoxins: haemolysins, leukocidins, and enterotoxins
    • Enzymes: facilitate dissemination and enhance toxicity

    Infections

    • Comparatively stable in the environment, allowing for indirect transmission
    • Pyogenic bacteria, often causing suppurative lesions
    • Coagulase-positive (CoPS) are primary pathogenic Staphylococcus species, while coagulase-negative (CoNS) are important in veterinary-related diseases
    • Predisposing factors: injury to the skin, respiratory infections, immunosuppression, malnutrition, disruption of normal flora, and large exposure dose

    Staphylococcal Mastitis

    • Mammary gland inflammation, causing significant economic loss in the dairy industry
    • Staphylococcus aureus is the primary pathogen for mastitis in dairy cattle
    • Can be carried on teat skin, nasal cavity, and rectum
    • Transmission: primarily from udder to udder during milking
    • Pathogenesis: bacteria colonize the teat, leading to rapid replication, biofilm formation, and degradation of epithelial cells

    Other Diseases

    • Skin infections, folliculitis, and impetigo in cattle
    • Mastitis in small ruminants, poultry, and rabbits
    • Botryomycosis in horses
    • Staphylococcus hyicus: primary cause of 'greasy pig disease' (exudative epidermitis)
    • Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: normal part of canine microbiota, causing canine pyoderma, otitis externa, and other infections

    Antimicrobial Resistance

    • Significant problem with Staphylococcus aureus and pseudintermedius
    • Methicillin-resistant strains are frequently resistant to other antimicrobial agents
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been isolated from various animal species

    Control and Prevention

    • Focus on prevention, as Staphylococcus can survive and remain virulent for weeks
    • Susceptible to disinfectants and antiseptics
    • Killed rapidly at high temperatures and in certain pH environments

    Genus Streptococcus

    • 103 recognized species, with 9 subspecies
    • Worldwide distribution, with most species being of interest in veterinary medicine
    • Opportunistic pathogens and non-pathogenic commensals in humans and animals
    • Transmission: inhalation, ingestion, sexual activity, congenital, and indirect via hands and fomites

    Characteristics

    • Gram-positive, cocci, with small size (less than 2 μm)
    • Non-motile, catalase-negative, and facultative anaerobes
    • Require addition of blood or serum to culture media for growth in vitro
    • Susceptible to desiccation

    Classification

    • Based on haemolysis (α, β, and γ)
    • Based on cell wall carbohydrates (Lancefield Group A-H and K-V)

    Virulence Factors

    • Adhesins: MSCRAMM, M protein, FbsA, FOG, and SzP
    • Capsule: some species form capsules, which protect from phagocytosis
    • Streptococcal pyrogenic toxin superantigens (SPEs): pyrogenic, fever-inducing, and causing immune malfunction
    • Streptolysins (haemolysins): Streptolysin O and S
    • Streptokinase: enzyme that activates conversion of plasminogen to plasmin

    Characteristics of Streptococcal Infections

    • Most disease-causing streptococci are commensal and only cause disease when stress or internal conditions allow
    • Pyogenic infections, often with febrile symptoms
    • Locally affected areas exhibit pus formation, and if drainage is prevented, abscess formation
    • Hematogenous spread of primary infection may result in septicemia

    Pathogenic Species

    • Streptococcus agalactiae: invasive disease in camels, and occasionally in dogs, fish, cats, and hamsters
    • Streptococcus dysgalactiae: opportunistic pathogen causing diseases in various species
    • Streptococcus uberis: opportunistic pathogen causing diseases in various species
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae: causative agent of pneumonia and other diseases
    • Streptococcus suis: opportunistic pathogen causing diseases in pigs### Subspecies of Streptococcus
    • Dysgalactiae: Lancefield group C, alpha-haemolytic, causes acute and subclinical mastitis in cattle, associated with insect bites or teat/udder epithelial injury.
    • Equisimilis: Lancefield groups A, C, G, or L, beta-haemolytic, disease-causing in various species, including humans.

    Streptococcus uberis

    • No Lancefield group, commensal in cattle, found in tonsils, intestines, mucous membranes, and skin.
    • Causes 20-30% of clinical mastitis cases, often opportunistic invasions of the mammary gland.
    • Environmental mastitis pathogen, more common in older cattle, associated with heavy environmental soiling with fecal matter.

    Streptococcus equi equi

    • Lancefield group C, obligate parasite/primary pathogen, causes Strangles.
    • Highly contagious nasopharyngeal infection, also impacting associate lymph nodes.
    • Transmission sources: nasal discharge, pus from an abscess, contaminated water, feed, or fomites.
    • Animals can be carriers for short or longer periods.

    Pathogenesis of Streptococcus equi equi

    • Enters via mouth or nose, attaches to cells in the crypts of oral tonsils and cilia of nasopharyngeal tonsils.
    • Clumps of Streptococcus equi visible in lamina propria after 48 hours, leading to abscess formation.
    • Potential to metastasize and form abscesses in other organs (brain, thoracoabdominal lymph nodes).

    Clinical Signs and Prognosis of Streptococcus equi equi

    • Incubation period: 3-14 days, fever, lassitude, nasal discharge, cough, difficulty swallowing, swelling of mandibular lymph nodes.
    • Potential metastasis, nasal shedding begins at 4-14 days and ceases between 3-6 weeks post-acute infection phase.
    • Most cases are uneventful and quick, but infection may persist in guttural pouch after clinical recovery.

    Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus

    • Lancefield group C, mucosal commensal with wide range of opportunistic diseases, especially in stressed hosts.
    • Most frequently isolated pathogen from opportunistic infections in horses.
    • Can cause peracute and fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia in animals, shelters, kennels, and laboratory colonies.

    Streptococcus canis

    • Lancefield group G, sporadic, opportunistic purulent infections in multiple sites.
    • Infects dogs, cats, mink, possums, aquatic mammals, and humans.
    • Found in anal mucosa, oropharynx, urogenital tract, and parts of canine and feline skin.

    Streptococcus canis in Cats

    • Commonly isolated from skin and lymph node abscesses in cats.
    • Causes mastitis, conjunctivitis, metritis, and septicemia in kittens.
    • Local abscess forms, leading to bacterial thrombi in various body sites, death within a week.
    • Older queens may pass immunity to kittens, making them more resistant.

    Streptococcus suis

    • Lancefield groups D, R, S, and T, wide range of clinical syndromes, serious zoonotic pathogen in humans.
    • Pigs are primary carriers, transmission by respiratory and oral routes.
    • Causes septicemia, meningitis, endocarditis, bronchopneumonia, and polyarthritis in pigs.

    Control and Prevention of Streptococcus suis

    • Survives in dry pus for weeks, killed at 55-60°C in 30 minutes.
    • Inhibited by 6.5% NaCl, 40% bile, low and high temperatures.
    • Resistant to antibiotics, including tetracycline, benzopenicillin, clindamycin, tilmicosin, norfloxacin, and erythromycin.

    Genus Enterococcus

    • Possess phenotypic traits that set them apart, previously classified as group D streptococci.
    • 60 species, most found in intestinal tracts of mammals and birds, mainly opportunistic.
    • Infect compromised sites, virulence factors include multiple MSCRAMMs, aggregation substance, pili, capsule, cytolysin, and gelatinase.

    Transmission and Pathogenesis of Enterococcus

    • Endogenous enterococci contaminate and infect compromised sites.
    • Cell wall peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acids initiate inflammatory response, while capsule, cytolysin, and other virulence factors promote further inflammatory response.

    Disease-causing Enterococcus Species

    • Intestinal diseases (diarrhea in young animals), other infections, including otitis externa, lower UTIs, and bacterial endocarditis.
    • Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis (~95%), Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus faecium (~5%), and Enterococcus villorum.

    Resistance of Enterococcus

    • Grows in 6.5% NaCl, 40% bile, high and low temperatures, intrinsically resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfonamides.
    • Vancomycin-resistant strains of enterococci are a serious health problem in human medicine.

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    Learn about the characteristics and habitats of Staphylococcus genus, including its species, host range, and growth conditions. Get familiar with the different species, their occurrence, and colonized areas.

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