Staircase Design Principles
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Questions and Answers

What is the recommended height range for handrails on stairs?

  • 750 to 850 mm (correct)
  • 1000 to 1100 mm
  • 600 to 700 mm
  • 900 to 1000 mm

What is the minimum clear headroom required above the pitch line in a stairway?

  • 2200 mm
  • 2500 mm
  • 1800 mm
  • 2000 mm (correct)

For residential buildings, what are the recommended dimensions for tread and rise?

  • Tread 280 mm, Rise 160 mm
  • Tread 200 mm, Rise 170 mm
  • Tread 250 mm, Rise 160 mm (correct)
  • Tread 300 mm, Rise 150 mm

Which of the following correctly represents the relationship between rise and tread dimensions according to the given proportions?

<p>Rise x tread = 400 to 410 cm² (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the width of a landing in relation to the width of the stair?

<p>150 mm more than the width of stair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum angle allowed for stairways according to the specified standard?

<p>45 degrees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum depth of stairway landings required at every 12 feet of vertical rise?

<p>30 inches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of material used in stairs offers design flexibility and is easy to install?

<p>Timber (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How far must a platform extend beyond the swing of a door that opens onto a stairway?

<p>20 inches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is described as having high strength, making it suitable for commercial stairs?

<p>Steel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum width of stairway landings required?

<p>22 inches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the safety standards, when is stairway lighting required?

<p>With more than three stair treads (B), With more than six stair treads (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a newel post in a staircase?

<p>To connect the ends of flights and support the handrail (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a tread?

<p>The upper horizontal portion of a step for foot placement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature must unprotected sides of stairway landings include?

<p>Standard 42-inch guardrail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'going' refer to in stair design?

<p>The horizontal distance between two successive riser faces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the description of a baluster?

<p>The vertical member supporting the handrail (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the vertical distance between two successive tread faces?

<p>Rise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In stair construction, what is a soffit?

<p>The underside of a stair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is designed to improve the elevation of a step?

<p>Scotia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'flight' refer to in staircase terminology?

<p>A series of steps without any platform or landing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended width for stairways in public buildings?

<p>1.8 m (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of steps allowed in a single flight for staircases?

<p>12 steps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum headroom required for staircases?

<p>2.1 to 2.3 m (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where should a staircase ideally be located within a building?

<p>Centrally for shortest access (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pitch range should be maintained for staircases?

<p>25 to 40 degrees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the minimum clear vertical distance between the tread and ceiling?

<p>Headroom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials is recommended for staircase construction?

<p>Fire-resisting materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested regarding the width of the landing at the top of the stairs?

<p>It should not be less than the width of the stairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the imaginary line touching each tread and parallel to the slope of the stair?

<p>Line of nosing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stair step has a curved tread and riser?

<p>Commode step (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be ideally avoided in stair design?

<p>Winders in stair flights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common defect related to stair lighting?

<p>Interior light fixtures used on outside stairs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sloping wooden members that support the steps in a stair called?

<p>Strings or stringers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stair is characterized by a blend of traditional and modern elements?

<p>Feature stair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of modern stairs sets them apart from classic designs?

<p>Simplicity and sleekness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of step is generally provided at the bottom of the flight and projects in front of the newel post?

<p>Bullnose step (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of staircase should be crafted by experts to ensure integrity and character?

<p>Traditional stair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate line of movement of people on a stair during ascent or descent known as?

<p>Walking line (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of string has both the ends of steps housed between straight parallel edges?

<p>Closed or housed string (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In contemporary design, which characteristic is emphasized?

<p>Clean lines and individuality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps does not typically radiate from a common center?

<p>Dancing step (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with stair lighting that may affect safety?

<p>Stair lighting that is too dim (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should modern stair designs allow for?

<p>Imaginations of designers to flourish (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defect might indicate improper stair lighting installation?

<p>Burned out or damaged stair lights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stair Placement

Staircases should be centrally located for easy access to all parts of the building and have good natural light and ventilation.

Stair Width (Public)

Public building stairs need to be at least 1.8 meters wide.

Stair Width (Residential)

Residential building stairs should be at least 0.9 meters wide.

Stair Flight Length

The maximum number of steps in a single flight of stairs is 12.

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Stair Pitch

Stair pitch (slope) should be between 25 and 40 degrees.

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Stair Headroom

The space above stairs (height) should be at least 2.1-2.3 m.

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Stair Materials

Stairs must be made of fire-resistant and strong materials.

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Stair Balustrades

Open staircases need railings (balustrades) for safety.

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Stair Landing Width

The landing width should match the stair width.

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Stair Winders

Winders (curved steps) are usually avoided but can be used at the base of a flight if necessary.

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Going

The horizontal distance between two successive riser faces.

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Riser

The vertical distance between two successive treads.

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Tread

The horizontal surface of a stair step where your foot rests.

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Nosing

The projecting edge of the tread.

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Baluster

A vertical support for a handrail.

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Handrail

The rail along the side of a stair.

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Newel Post

A vertical post to support the ends of a stair.

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Soffit

The underside of a stair.

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Flight

A series of steps without a landing.

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Landing

A level platform in a stair.

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Run

The total horizontal length of stairs including landings.

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Landing Width

The horizontal dimension of a landing, which should be at least 150mm wider than the stair's width.

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Winder Steps

Steps with odd shapes, best avoided in stair design but when needed, placed at the start of a stair.

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Handrail Height

The height of a stair handrail, ranging from 750 to 850mm above the step/landing.

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Step Proportions

The consistent size of the rise and tread throughout a stair for uniform ascent and descent.

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Headroom

Minimum clear headroom above a stair, typically 2000mm.

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Residential Tread Size

Recommended tread size for residential buildings: 250mm.

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Residential Rise Size

Recommended rise size for residential buildings: 160mm.

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Public Building Tread Size

Recommended tread size for public buildings: 300mm.

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Public Building Rise Size

Recommended rise size for public buildings: 150mm.

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Industrial/Rail Building Tread Size

Recommended tread size for industrial/railway: not less than 250mm or 250mm to 300mm

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Industrial/Rail Building Rise Size

Recommended rise size for industrial/railway: not less than150mm or 150mm to 190mm.

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Stair Rise Calculation

Calculate the rise and tread from formulas when no set rules are included.

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Stair Tread

The horizontal surface of a step where one places their foot.

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Stair Rise

The vertical part of the step providing support to the tread.

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Stair Flight

A series of stairs between two landings

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Landing

A flat surface where a stair flight ends or begins.

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Stair Calculation Formula 1

2 x Rise + Going (in mm) = 550 to 600mm.

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Stair Calculation Formula 2

Rise x Tread (in cm) = 400 to 410 cm²

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Stair Lighting Defects

Problems with stair lighting, such as missing lights, improper switch placement, burned-out bulbs, and insufficient light.

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Feature Stairs

Stairs that are prominent and important to the overall interior design.

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Contemporary Stairs

Modern stairs with unique designs, often using simple lines or curves.

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Headroom

Minimum vertical distance between tread and ceiling.

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Curved Staircases

Stairs with curved shapes that need building regulations.

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Modern Stairs

Clean and sleek stairs, often using materials like glass and steel.

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Pitch/Slope

Angle of stair nosing line to the horizontal.

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Classic Stairs

Historical-style stairs.

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Riser

Vertical part of a step, supporting the tread.

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Traditional Stairs

Stairs following ideas and design elements in a particular era.

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Line of Nosing

Imaginary line along tread edges, parallel to slope.

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Winders

Tapering steps for stair directional changes.

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Strings/Stringers

Sloping supports for stair steps.

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Types of Strings

Cut/Open and Closed/Housed stringer types.

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Balustrade/Barrister

Combined framework of handrail and balusters.

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Walking Line

Approximate path of people ascending/descending stairs.

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Bullnose Step

Step bottom projecting in front of newel post.

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Round Ended Step

Similar to bullnose, but with semi-circular end.

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Filer

Ordinary rectangular step of uniform width.

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Commode Step

Step with curved tread and riser.

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Dancing/Balancing Step

Winders that do not radiate from a central point.

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Splayed Step

Step with one or both ends angled outward.

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Stair Angle Range

Stairways should have an angle between 26.5° and 45° (1 in 2 to 1 in 1).

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Stairway Landing Minimums

Landings must be at least 30 inches deep and 22 inches wide every 12 feet or less of vertical rise.

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Stair Landing Guardrails

Unprotected sides of landings require standard 42-inch guardrails.

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Doorway Platform

If doors open directly onto stairs, a platform at least 20 inches beyond the door swing is required.

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Stair Lighting Requirements

Stairs with more than 3 treads(Canada)/ 6 treads(US) need light switches at top and bottom.

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Stair Materials

Stairs can be made of timber, glass, stainless steel, steel, or stone, each with advantages.

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Study Notes

Staircase Evolution

  • Staircase are one of the oldest building elements, reflecting symbolic language and prevailing philosophies in architectural histories.

Staircase Necessity

  • Staircases protect people from injuries and facilitate access between building levels.

Stair Location

  • Stair placement should be central in a building to provide the shortest access to all rooms.
  • Well-ventilated and airy locations are ideal.

Stair Requirements- Location

  • Preferably positioned centrally, ensuring sufficient light and ventilation.

Stair Requirements- Width

  • Public buildings require a 1.8 m width and residential buildings, a 0.9 m width for stairs.

Stair Requirements- Length

  • Stair flights should be between 3 and 12 steps maximum.

Stair Requirements- Pitch

  • Long stairs should have flatter pitches by incorporating landings.
  • Slopes should be between 250 and 400.

Stair Requirements- Headroom

  • Distance between tread and soffit of the upper flight should be 2.1 to 2.3 m.
  • This height is necessary to allow tall people to use the stairs with luggage.

Stair Requirements- Materials

  • Fire-resistant materials are essential for stair construction.
  • Materials should have sufficient strength to resist impact.

Stair Requirements- Balustrade

  • Well-lit stairways need balustrades to prevent accidents.
  • Wide stairs should have handrails on both sides.

Stair Requirements- Landing

  • Landing width should not be less than the stair width.

Stair Requirements- Winders

  • Winders should be avoided, if necessary, to be placed at the lower end of a flight.

Location of Stairs (additional information)

  • Easy access for building occupants is crucial to the placement of the stairs.
  • Stairs should be well lit and ventilated.
  • Approaches to the stairs should be spacious and convenient.
  • Public buildings should position their stairs near the main entrance.
  • Residential buildings should centrally position their stairs.

Planning and Designing a Stair (Principles)

  • Stair width should not be less than 1.00 meters.
  • A flight should have 12 or less steps.
  • Pitch should be between 25 and 40 degrees.
  • Landing width should be at least 150 mm wider than the stair width.
  • Winders should be used sparingly and put at the stair beginning.
  • Railings should be between 750 and 850 mm in height.
  • Proportions for risers and treads should be even.
  • Headroom should be a minimum of 2000 mm.

Proportions of Stairs for Different Buildings

  • Residential Buildings: Tread = 250 mm, Rise = 160 mm
  • Public Buildings: Tread = 300 mm, Rise = 150 mm
  • Industrial Buildings/Railway Stations (etc.): Tread (min) = 250 mm - 300 mm, Rise = 150 - 190 mm

Calculating Rise and Tread Sizes

  • Methods for proportion calculation are given. Users may choose any of the available formulas, for designing stairs using practical field measurements.

Stair Parts

  • Newel Post: Vertical member connecting ends of strings and hand rails
  • Balusters:  Vertical members supporting handrail.
  • Handrail: Rounded or moulded member on top of balusters that follow the nosing line
  • Tread: Upper horizontal part of a step where foot is put
  • Riser: Vertical part of a step that supports the tread
  • Flight: Series of steps without breaks or landing.
  • Landing: Level platform at the top or bottom of a flight.
  • Stringers: Sloping wooden members supporting steps.
  • Soffit: Underside of a stair.
  • Waist: Thickness of slab for a reinforced concrete stair
  • Nosing: Projecting part of the tread beyond riser's face
  • Scotia: Moulding provided under the nosing to enhance the stair's appeal

Other Stair Components

  • Step: Portion of a stair allowing ascent/descent
  • Going:  Horizontal distance between two successive riser faces.
  • Headroom: Minimum clear vertical distance between treads and overhead structure

Types of Steps

  • Bullnose:  Rounded edge, often at the bottom of a flight.
  • Round Ended: Similar to bullnose but with a semi-circular end extending beyond the stringer
  • Filer:  Standard step with a rectangular, uniform width.
  • Commode Step: Curved tread and riser shape.
  • Dancing/Balancing Step: Winders which don't radiate from a central point.
  • Splayed Step:  One or both ends of the step are slanted.
  • Winder: Tapering steps for changing a stair's direction.

Stair Considerations

  • Balustrade: Combined framework of handrails and balusters in well-lit stairways
  • Walking Line: Approximate line of movement on stairs (situated at 450 mm from the center of the handrail).
  • Stair Geometry: Stair safety depends on rhythmic movement along a straight line during ascent/descent

Types of Stairs and Their Angles

  • Stairs must between 26.5° and 45°.

Stairway Landings

  • Landings should be at least 30 inches deep and 22 inches wide.
  • They are needed at 12 feet or less of vertical rise.
  • Open sides of landings need 42-inch-tall guardrail systems.

Stairway Platform for Swinging Doors

  • If stairs and doors open directly, provide doors 20-inches beyond the top of the swing door area.

Stair Chair

  • Can be used on straight or curved stairs/spirals

Stair Materials

  • Wood: Design flexibility. Lightweight and easy to install. 
  • Glass: Creates openness and clean airy feel. 
  • Stainless steel: Easy to clean, non-corrosive for rails/balustrades.
  • Steel: Strong, suitable for commercial stairs with high foot traffic.
  • Stone: Creates decorative patterns, different feels (marble, granite, sandstone)
  • Aluminum/Wood
  • Other Materials

Staircase Lighting

  • Light switches should be placed at both the top and bottom if there are more than 3 (Canada) or 6 (US) steps
  • These systems should be weatherproof for outside locations

Latest Stairs

  • Modern combination materials (glass, timber, stainless steel and wires).
  • Widened landings, open and closed risers are used commonly.

Feature Stair

  • Classic or contemporary, depending on designer's preference and prominence role in the room.
  • Design is as important as its architectural prominence
  • Statements for the designer's consideration to create a harmonious ambiance.

Contemporary Stairs

  • Individuality and design through clean lines or curved designs are popular.

Curved Stairs

  • Complex structures with in-depth building regulations
  • Need to be simple and effortless when completed

Modern Stairs

  • Modern stairways are often sleek and clean, using glass and stainless steel as key components to create focal points.
  • Modern materials allow designers more imagination in their work and allow for flexibility.

Classic Stairs

  • Have often been reproduced, lacking in design detail and mimicking the historical characteristics. 

Traditional Stairs

  • Should adhere to the architectural standards and eras.
  • Integral design and finer details are crucial.

Commercial Stairs

  • Use high-quality materials meant to ensure durability.
  • Important for high foot traffic.

Stairs in Other Buildings

  • Dimensions should vary based on building type.
  • Specific diagrams indicate the measurements needed.

Stair Geometries and Safety

  • The slope of the staircase is important for safety
  • Proper angles can ensure safety and reduce slip risk.

Special Stair Designs and Needs

  • Considerations for ramps and ladders, ramps and stairs.
  • Design principles needed to accommodate people, vehicles, machinery, and disabled users.
  • Special features for the stairs with differing use needs

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AR163 Module 3 Lecture 2 PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential principles of staircase design, including their historical significance, necessity for safety, and optimal placement within buildings. It explores various requirements such as dimensions, pitch, and headroom that ensure functionality and accessibility in both public and residential spaces.

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