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Questions and Answers
During fertilization, what is the result of the sperm cell penetrating the zona pellucida?
During fertilization, what is the result of the sperm cell penetrating the zona pellucida?
- Multiple spermatozoa can penetrate the cell membrane of the ovum.
- The sperm cell becomes impenetrable to other sperm.
- The sperm cell is rejected by the ovum.
- The ovum membrane changes composition to become impervious to other sperm. (correct)
What is the final step in the fertilization process?
What is the final step in the fertilization process?
- The sperm cell attaches to the ovum.
- The plasma membranes of the ovum and sperm fuse. (correct)
- The sperm cell migrates between cumulus cells and corona radiate cells.
- The sperm cell penetrates the zona pellucida.
What is the result of multiple spermatozoa entering an ovum?
What is the result of multiple spermatozoa entering an ovum?
- An abnormal zygote formation leading to gestational trophoblastic disease. (correct)
- The ovum membrane changes composition to become impervious to other sperm.
- The sperm cells are rejected by the ovum.
- A normal zygote formation.
What is necessary for fertilization to occur?
What is necessary for fertilization to occur?
What is the number of chromosomes in a fertilized ovum?
What is the number of chromosomes in a fertilized ovum?
What determines the sex of the child after fertilization?
What determines the sex of the child after fertilization?
What is the result of the fusion of the chromosomal material of the ovum and sperm?
What is the result of the fusion of the chromosomal material of the ovum and sperm?
What is the process that begins after the egg is fertilized?
What is the process that begins after the egg is fertilized?
What is the term for the process of a sperm penetrating the outer layer of the egg?
What is the term for the process of a sperm penetrating the outer layer of the egg?
During which stage of fetal development do the embryo's organ systems form?
During which stage of fetal development do the embryo's organ systems form?
What is the maximum time period during which a sperm can fertilize an egg?
What is the maximum time period during which a sperm can fertilize an egg?
What is the name of the fluid-filled sacs in which eggs grow in the ovaries?
What is the name of the fluid-filled sacs in which eggs grow in the ovaries?
What is the term for the process by which the sperm becomes capable of fertilizing an egg?
What is the term for the process by which the sperm becomes capable of fertilizing an egg?
What is the term for the release of an egg from the ovary?
What is the term for the release of an egg from the ovary?
What is the purpose of the corpus luteum in the process of conception?
What is the purpose of the corpus luteum in the process of conception?
What is the duration of time during which an egg is capable of fertilization?
What is the duration of time during which an egg is capable of fertilization?
What happens to the egg if it is not fertilized by a sperm?
What happens to the egg if it is not fertilized by a sperm?
What is the process called that prepares sperm for fertilization?
What is the process called that prepares sperm for fertilization?
What is the final step undergone by the sperm to penetrate the protective layers of the ovum?
What is the final step undergone by the sperm to penetrate the protective layers of the ovum?
What changes on the egg surface after a sperm has penetrated?
What changes on the egg surface after a sperm has penetrated?
How long does the process of fertilization take?
How long does the process of fertilization take?
What is the purpose of the fimbriae in the fallopian tube?
What is the purpose of the fimbriae in the fallopian tube?
What is the enzyme released during the acrosome reaction to dissolve the ovum's membrane?
What is the enzyme released during the acrosome reaction to dissolve the ovum's membrane?
What determines the gender of the baby during fertilization?
What determines the gender of the baby during fertilization?
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Study Notes
Stages of Fetal Development
- Fetal development begins with fertilization, where a sperm and ovum unite to form a zygote.
- The first two weeks are considered the pre-embryonic stage, during which the zygote burrows into the uterus lining.
- From week 3 to 8, the embryonic stage occurs, where all the embryo's organ systems form.
- From week 8 to birth, the fetal stage occurs, where growth and organ refinement take place.
The Process of Conception
- Ovulation occurs when a mature egg is released from the ovaries, which can be fertilized for only 24-48 hours.
- The total critical time span for fertilization to occur is about 72 hours (48 hours before ovulation plus 24 hours afterward).
- Hormones released by the corpus luteum thicken the uterus lining, preparing it for the egg.
- The released egg travels to the fallopian tube, where it is propelled by currents and cilia, and fertilized by a single sperm.
Capacitation of Sperm
- Capacitation is a process where fluids in the female reproductive tract improve sperm motility and prepare them for fertilization.
- The process involves thinning the membrane to facilitate the release of lysosomal enzymes, allowing the sperm to penetrate the oocyte's exterior.
Acrosome Reaction
- The acrosome reaction is the final step in sperm penetration, where enzymes are released to dissolve the ovum's membrane (hyaluronidase).
Fertilization
- Fertilization takes about 24 hours and completes the genetic makeup of the baby, including its gender.
- For fertilization to occur, three events must take place: sperm migration, attachment to the zona pellucida, and fusion of the plasma membranes of the ovum and sperm.
- Once a sperm penetrates the cell membrane, it becomes impervious to other spermatozoa.
Factors Important to Fertilization
- Maturation of the ovum and sperm
- Motility of the sperm to reach the ovum
- Ability of the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and cell membrane of the ovum
Cell Division
- After fertilization, the egg begins to divide rapidly, forming a zygote with 46 chromosomes (22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome).
- The sex of the child is determined by the type of spermatozoon that entered the ovum (X-carrying spermatozoon for female, XX).
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