STAGE 1 Biology - Key Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate representation of results from investigations?

  • Drawing graphs
  • Writing lengthy paragraphs (correct)
  • Using SI units
  • Constructing labelled tables

Significant figures are irrelevant when representing scientific results.

False (B)

What is the primary purpose of using diagrams in investigations?

To explain concepts and illustrate relationships visually

To represent results accurately, it is essential to use appropriate _____ units.

<p>SI</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following representations with their purposes:

<p>Tables = Organizing data for comparison Graphs = Visualizing relationships between variables Equations = Describing mathematical relationships Diagrams = Simplifying complex concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the types of microorganisms mentioned?

<p>Fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial populations grow linearly under ideal conditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of microorganisms includes bacteria, fungi, and protists?

<p>Microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Different bacteria require specific conditions for __________.

<p>growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Microorganisms = Small living organisms that can only be seen under a microscope Exponential growth = Rapid multiplication of bacterial populations under optimal conditions Specific conditions = Particular environmental factors needed for certain bacteria to thrive Scientific communication = Sharing scientific information using appropriate language and conventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indicator of an organism's niche within an ecosystem?

<p>Habitat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Keystone species have a minor role in maintaining ecosystem balance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain one way human activity impacts ecosystems.

<p>Destruction of habitats leads to loss of biodiversity and faster ecosystem changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic diversity is crucial for a species' survival in a changing environment because it allows for greater ______ to adapt.

<p>variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its description:

<p>Niche = Role of an organism in its ecosystem Keystone Species = Species critical for maintaining ecosystem structure Genetic Diversity = Variety of genes within a species Biodiversity = Variety of life forms in an ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of antibiotics?

<p>To kill pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pathogens must enter cells solely for the purpose of replication.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an antigen?

<p>A substance that induces an immune response, typically found on pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some pathogens bind to __________ receptors to gain entry into host cells.

<p>cellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for controlling disease spread?

<p>Encouraging pathogen entry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-antigens are recognized by the immune system as foreign.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of the immune system when a pathogen enters the host.

<p>The immune system responds by identifying and attacking the pathogen, causing physical or chemical changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does biodiversity include?

<p>Genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Internationally agreed systems of nomenclature help avoid confusion in naming species.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship indicated by biological classification?

<p>The relationship between organisms based on their physical structures and shared molecular sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The higher the __________ of an ecosystem, the more stable it is.

<p>biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of biological classification is the broadest?

<p>Domain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one advantage of an internationally agreed system of nomenclature.

<p>It provides a standardized way to identify and classify species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Species with similar scientific names are not necessarily closely related.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the human immune system's defense mechanisms?

<p>Chemical digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune response is specific to particular pathogens.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of physical barriers in the immune system?

<p>To prevent the entry of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adaptive immune response requires exposure to an __________ for immunity.

<p>antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the immune system components with their descriptions:

<p>Physical barriers = First line of defense against pathogens Innate immune response = Non-specific response to pathogens Adaptive immune response = Specific response to antigens Passive immunity = Immunity acquired through antibodies from another organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of the innate immune response?

<p>Histamine release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most organisms, including plants and invertebrates, do not have an innate immune response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two processes through which acquired immunity can be obtained?

<p>Passive and active processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pathogen Entry Mechanisms

Methods used by pathogens to gain access to host cells and tissues.

Molecular Recognition

The specific interaction between molecules, like a pathogen binding to a receptor on a host cell.

Why Pathogens Enter Cells

Some pathogens need to enter host cells to survive, reproduce, and avoid the immune system.

Antigen

Any molecule that triggers an immune response, often foreign to the host.

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Foreign vs. Self Antigens

Foreign antigens are non-self molecules, while self-antigens are part of the host's own body.

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Immune Response Trigger

Pathogens causing physical or chemical changes in the host, prompting an immune response.

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Immune Response Strategies

Ways the host's immune system combats pathogens, including killing pathogens directly, blocking entry, or stimulating the immune response.

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Examples of Immune Response Strategies

Methods like quarantining carriers, killing pathogens directly, or using the immune response. Examples: antibiotics, antiseptics, quarantining.

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Ecological Niche

The specific role an organism plays within its ecosystem, including where it lives, what it eats, and how it interacts with other species.

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Keystone Species

A species that has a disproportionately large impact on the structure and functioning of its ecosystem, often maintaining biodiversity.

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Habitat Destruction

The loss or degradation of natural environments due to human activities, leading to rapid ecosystem changes and biodiversity loss.

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Predicting Impact of Change

Using measurements of biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem to forecast the effects of environmental changes.

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Genetic Diversity

The variation in genes within a population, making it adaptable to changing environments and reducing the risk of extinction.

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Physical Barriers

The first line of defense against pathogens. These barriers prevent pathogens from entering the body. Examples include skin, mucus membranes, and digestive enzymes.

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Innate Immune Response

The second line of defense that acts non-specifically against a wide range of pathogens. This response is immediate and involves cells like macrophages and natural killer cells.

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Adaptive Immune Response

The third line of defense that specifically targets and remembers pathogens. It uses antibodies and lymphocytes to identify and destroy specific invaders.

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What is the function of skin in the immune system?

Skin forms a protective barrier to prevent the entry of pathogens. Its outer layer is tough and dead, making it resistant to many organisms.

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What are some examples of innate immune responses?

Examples include the release of histamine, which causes inflammation, and the activation of complement proteins, which can kill bacteria and attract immune cells.

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What is an antigen?

An antigen is a molecule that triggers an immune response. It is typically found on the surface of pathogens.

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How does the adaptive immune system respond to antigens?

The adaptive immune system produces antibodies and lymphocytes specific to the antigen. These antibodies bind to the antigen, neutralizing it or marking it for destruction by other immune cells.

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Passive vs. Active Immunity

Passive immunity is acquired through receiving antibodies from another source, such as through breast milk or an injection. Active immunity is acquired through exposure to an antigen, as the body produces its own antibodies.

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Similar Scientific Names

Closely related species often share very similar scientific names, reflecting their common ancestry and shared characteristics.

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International Nomenclature System

A globally agreed upon system for naming species, ensuring consistency and clarity in communication and understanding.

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Biodiversity

The variety of all living things, encompassing the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems.

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Species

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Population

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

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Community

All the different populations of organisms living and interacting in a particular area.

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Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their physical environment, including all the interactions between them.

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Biodiversity and Stability

A higher diversity of organisms in an ecosystem generally means greater stability, as different species provide diverse functions and resilience to change.

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Study Notes

STAGE 1 Biology - Key Concepts

  • Design investigations with clear questions and solutions.
  • Critically evaluate proposed investigations.
  • Adapt existing methods and procedures.
  • Research, develop and test methods.
  • Improve existing procedures.
  • Choose an appropriate way to measure the dependent variable.
  • Identify suitable data collection methods and amounts.
  • Evaluate ethical and safety considerations.
  • Represent data using appropriate SI units, clear tables, and graphs (including line graphs, non-linear graphs, and lines of best fit).
  • Use significant figures correctly.
  • Use appropriate representations, e.g., diagrams, equations, and mathematical relationships.
  • Analyse data for trends, patterns, and relationships.
  • Use interpolation/extrapolation where relevant.
  • Support conclusions with evidence and scientific understanding.
  • Evaluate procedures and results, identifying sources of uncertainty (e.g. random errors, systematic errors, replication, sample size, accuracy, reliability, precision, and validity).
  • Control variables effectively.
  • Discuss the influence of uncertainty on experimental results.
  • Recognize limitations of conclusions.
  • Communicate effectively to specific audiences and purposes using correct terminology and conventions.

Microorganisms and their Importance

  • Microorganisms are living organisms like bacteria, fungi, and protists.
  • Bacteria reproduce exponentially in optimal conditions.
  • Different growth requirements exist for various microorganisms. Factors include temperature, moisture, pH, nutrient availability, and removal of wastes.
  • Microorganisms act as decomposers, recycling essential nutrients.
  • They have roles in the digestive system and oxygen production. Nutrient recycling is also through non-living environments with the breakdown of waste materials.
  • They've been cultured for about 10,000 years for food preservation.
  • Techniques for food preservation include heat/cold, acids, sugars, salt, and water removal to control microbial growth.
  • Microorganisms cause food spoilage, and hygienic practices are vital to prevent this.
  • Infectious diseases differ from non-infectious diseases.
  • Pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses) cause infections. They are distinguished by their characteristics and mode of transmission. Transmission includes air, dust, direct contact, faeces and food, animals.
  • Infectious diseases have significant impacts on populations. Factors like pathogen persistence, transmission methods, immunity levels within the population, and population mobility influence disease spread. Disease control involves, amongst other things, controlling carriers, killing pathogens, quarantining carriers, and immune responses.

Pathogens and the Immune Response

  • Pathogens have adaptations facilitating their entry into cells/tissues.
  • Pathogens may need to enter cells to survive, replicate, and/or avoid the immune response.
  • Antigens are substances that trigger an immune response.
  • The immune system protects the body against disease through physical barriers, innate, and adaptive immune responses.
  • Different responses work together to neutralise or prevent pathogen entry.
  • The innate immune system is a general defence mechanism.
  • The adaptive (acquired) immune responses are targeted to specific antigens.
  • Exposure to an antigen is necessary for acquired immunity (e.g., through natural exposure or vaccination).

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Interactions

  • Biodiversity includes diversity in genetics, species, and ecosystems.
  • Ecosystem components (biotic and abiotic) interact and exchange energy.
  • Species play specific roles (ecological niches).
  • Keystone species play a crucial role in ecosystem maintenance.
  • Human activities significantly impact ecosystems.
  • Loss of biodiversity in the environment has a significant impact on survival. Genetic diversity is important for species to survive in changing environments.
  • Biological classification is hierarchical, reflecting evolutionary relationships, based on physical structures, and shared molecular sequences. There is an international system of scientific naming, which undergoes revision.
  • Organisms adapt to different environments with diverse adaptations in their behaviours, structures, and physiological attributes.

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Description

This quiz covers essential key concepts in Stage 1 Biology, focusing on designing and evaluating scientific investigations. It includes techniques for data collection, analysis, and representation, ensuring a thorough understanding of biological processes and methodologies. Test your knowledge on the principles that guide effective scientific inquiry.

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