STA301 - Statistics and Probability Concepts

<p>2/3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1/3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bias in the selection of subjects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The independent variable influences the dependent variable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sampling error (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The trials are independent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$X - \mu$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A researcher draws 5 cards from a deck without replacement to determine the probability of getting all hearts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is not influenced by extreme values in the dataset. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The expected value of the statistic is not equal to the true parameter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The minimum, first quartile (Q1), median, third quartile (Q3), and maximum of a dataset. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not take into account all data points in the dataset. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>E(X) = ∑ xi f(xi) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test a hypothesis about a population parameter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sample is considered small if n is less than or equal to 30 and large otherwise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The significance of the difference between two sample means. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(n1p1 + n2p2) / (n1 + n2) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spread of a distribution relative to the mean. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It offers the most probable estimate based on observed data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-0.6745 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sum of squares total (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability distribution of a statistic is called the sampling distribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.349 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents the rejection region for a one-tailed test with a significance level of 0.10. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H0: μ ≤ 2500, H1: μ &gt; 2500 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Getting heads and tails when tossing a coin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mean Square (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>μ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The numbers on a standard die: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of event Ai occurring given that event B has already occurred. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a 95% chance that the true population mean lies within the interval 1.3 to 4.7. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$\chi^2 = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{(o_i - e_i)^2}{e_i}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.075 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>X + \frac{1}{2} - np0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The standard deviation of the difference between two sample proportions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p1 - p2 &gt; 0.10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$\sqrt{\frac{p_1q_1}{n_1} + \frac{p_2q_2}{n_2}}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p1 - p2 &lt; 0.10 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An estimator that is correct on average across many samples.

A plan to collect data objectively for inference.

The variable manipulated in an experiment, often X in regression.

The outcome measured in an experiment, represented by Y.

A distribution of a statistic obtained from a large number of samples.

The average value of the sample statistics across all samples.

A measure of how much the sample statistics vary from the mean.

The likelihood of a sample statistic occurring, represented as fractions.

The difference between the sample estimate and the true population value.

A distribution where trials have changing success probabilities and are not independent.

A set of five key statistics: minimum, Q1, median, Q3, and maximum.

Occurs when the expected value of a statistic does not equal the true value.

The median is easy to interpret and not affected by extreme values.

Requires sorting data and does not consider all item values.

In hypergeometric trials, outcomes lead to dependent results and changing probabilities.

Graphical method to locate the median in a grouped frequency distribution.

The sum of products of values and their probabilities of a discrete random variable.

E(X) = Σ xi f(xi) where xi are values and f(xi) are probabilities.

If c is a constant, then E(c) = c; expected value of a constant is itself.

E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b; relates linear transformations to expectation.

A statistic that tests a null hypothesis with an associated probability distribution.

Typically defined as sample size n <= 30 for statistical tests.

A sample size greater than 30, often offering more robust results.

The formula for pooled proportion is pc = (n1 p1 + n2 p2) / (n1 + n2).

A statistical method to estimate parameters by maximizing the likelihood function.

A function that measures how well a statistical model explains the observed data.

A table that summarizes the analysis of variance between different groups.

A normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1.

The value below which 25% of data falls in a dataset.

The value below which 75% of data falls in a dataset.

The range between the upper quartile and lower quartile (Q3 - Q1).

The average of absolute deviations from the mean.

The hypothesis stating that a parameter is less than a specific value.

The hypothesis stating that a parameter is greater than a specific value.

A formula to find the probability of an event based on prior knowledge.

A range that likely contains the population parameter with a specified confidence level.

A measure indicating the extent to which two variables change together.

Events that cannot occur at the same time.

A statistical measure describing the distribution's tails and peakness.

A formula used to assess how observed frequencies differ from expected frequencies.

The critical value from the F-distribution used for hypothesis testing of variances, depends on sample sizes and alpha.

A statistic used to determine if a sample proportion is significantly different from a hypothesized population proportion.

A measure of variability for the difference between two sample proportions.

The threshold for determining statistical significance, commonly set at 0.05, reflecting a 5% risk of concluding a difference exists when there is none.

Calculation to find the proportion of support for a candidate among different voter groups, used in hypothesis testing.