Microprocessors

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Loop section in Arduino coding?

It initializes the variables.

It activates sensors only once.

It manages external libraries.

It runs the code continuously. (correct)

Which statement is true regarding constants in Arduino?

Constants cannot be used in mathematical operations.

Constants maintain their value once assigned. (correct)

Constants are declared using the 'constant' keyword.

Constants can change their assigned value during program execution.

Which command is used to configure a pin as either an input or output?

DDR()

pinMode() (correct)

PORT()

digitalWrite()

What value does an output pin hold when it is set to LOW?

0 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of memory is used for temporary data storage in ATmega328?

SRAM Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using comments in Arduino code?

To explain and label the code for better understanding. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using 'DDRB' in Arduino programming?

It configures pin direction for Port B. Signup and view all the answers

What does the function digitalWrite(pin, value) return?

None; it does not return a value. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) in a microcontroller?

To fetch, decode, and execute instructions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is specifically used for data storage in a microcontroller?

Random Access Memory (RAM) Signup and view all the answers

Which application is NOT commonly associated with microcontrollers?

High-performance Gaming Computers Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is used to store the program in a microcontroller?

Read Only Memory (ROM) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of microcontrollers regarding data bus widths?

They support multiple data bus widths including 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 bits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following peripheral devices is NOT typically integrated with microcontrollers?

High-Performance GPUs Signup and view all the answers

In which field is the application of microcontrollers least significant?

Astronomy Research Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microcontroller memory is often referred to as firmware?

Read Only Memory (ROM) Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant advantage of using microcontrollers for student projects?

They are inexpensive. Signup and view all the answers

Which microcontroller was the first to be created, and in what year was it developed?

TMS1802NC in 1971 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features belonged to the Z8 microcontroller?

Ability to access 64 kbytes of external ROM Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Harvard architecture from Von Neumann architecture?

Separate memory for instructions and data. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not part of the Extended Memory Hierarchy?

Microcontroller Signup and view all the answers

What type of chip is a microcontroller primarily considered to be?

Single-chip microcomputer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the memory capacity of the 8048 microcontroller?

2 kbytes of ROM and 128 bytes of RAM Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental function of counters/timers in microcontrollers?

Counting pulses and providing time delays. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Random Access Memory (RAM) in a microcontroller?

Handling temporary data and processor stack Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for converting analog signals to digital format?

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) Signup and view all the answers

What type of input can trigger interrupt control in a microcontroller?

Both external and internal sources Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of parallel I/O?

Relays Signup and view all the answers

What function do timers/counters serve in a microcontroller?

Providing timing and counting operations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of a watchdog timer?

For automatic reset of the microcontroller Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)?

To convert digital signals into analog format Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) play in a microcontroller?

It facilitates serial communication with peripherals Signup and view all the answers

Who was primarily responsible for the development of the first microprocessor?

Marcian Hoff Signup and view all the answers

What was the maximum memory that the 8008 microprocessor could address?

16KB Signup and view all the answers

Which microprocessor was released in April 1974?

8080 Signup and view all the answers

What significant feature does the Z80 microprocessor have compared to the 8080?

176 instructions available Signup and view all the answers

Which company announced it was marketing the 6501 and 6502 microprocessors?

MOS Technology Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microprocessor performs mathematical and logical operations?

Arithmetic Logic Unit Signup and view all the answers

What was the speed of the Intel 4004 microprocessor?

6,000 operations/s Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microprocessors was designed to be compatible with the 8080?

Z80 Signup and view all the answers

What function does the Program Counter serve in a microprocessor?

Keeps track of the address of the next instruction to be executed Signup and view all the answers

What notable achievement did Frederico Faggin accomplish within months?

Transformed the microprocessor concept into a product Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following manufacturers introduced new microprocessors alongside Z80?

Mostek Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Control Unit (CU) in a microprocessor?

To keep track of the instruction sequence and address Signup and view all the answers

Which register is known as the ALU's accumulator latch?

Temporary Register Signup and view all the answers

What does the Status Register track in a microprocessor?

Mathematical and logical operation results Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microprocessors was introduced by Intel in 1976 as an improved version of the 8-bit microprocessor?

8085 Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not part of the major architecture of a microprocessor?

Display Unit Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Arduino

Arduino is an open-source electronic platform with easy-to-use hardware and software.
It can be used with many extended modules for different functions.
Functions include reading input, processing data, and producing output.

Arduino Coding Structure

Global: Includes variables, constants, and imported libraries.
Setup: Initializes pins and sensors, runs only once.
Loop: Runs continuously, reads sensors and changes pin states (HIGH or LOW).

Rules and Building Blocks

Code lines end with semicolons (except conditionals, loops, functions, and libraries).
Comments start with '//' and are ignored by the program.

Constants and Variables

Variables: Store different types of data and can be changed during program execution.
Constants: Store values that cannot be changed after assignment.

Arduino Output Programming

Individual Pin Addressing: Using pinMode(pinNo, INPUT/OUTPUT) to set the mode of a single pin.
Port Addressing: Using DDRx = Values to set the direction of multiple pins (inputs or outputs).
- Output pins have value 1. Input pins have value 0.
- Example: DDRB = B00010101; sets some pins to output and some to input.

Digital Output and Delay

Using digitalWrite(pin, value) sets the value of a digital pin to HIGH or LOW (1 or 0).
delay(ms) pauses for a specified number of milliseconds.
delayMicroseconds(us) pauses for a specified number of microseconds.

ATmega328

AVR CPU.
Harvard Architecture.
Flash: Program memory (32 KB, 15-bit address). Non-volatile.
SRAM: Data memory (2 KB). Volatile.
EEPROM: Long-term data storage, non-volatile.

AVR CPU Function

Instruction fetch and decode.

AVR Register File

32, 8-bit general-purpose registers. Part of SRAM memory space.
X, Y, Z registers are 16-bit registers.

AVR Memory

Program memory (Flash)
Data memory (SRAM)

Stack Pointer Register

Special register for addressing data space.
Initialized to RAMEND.

Program Status Register (PSR)

Status bits set by instructions, Checked by branch/skip instructions.

Analog I/O

Analog input pins (0-5).
Analog output pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11).
Analog input reading using analogRead(pin). Converts 0-5V to 0-1023.
Analog output using analogWrite(pin, value) - 0-255 value, generates PWM on specified pins (3,5,6,9,10,11) at 490Hz frequency.

Arduino C/C++ Programming

Scripts are called "Sketches".
Using C with libraries.
Structure includes header (declarations, includes etc), setup() (runs once), loop() (runs repeatedly).

Arduino Serial Communication

Communication with a PC via USB. Use the Serial Monitor in the IDE.
Serial.begin(baud-rate) initializes communication. The default baud rate is 9600.
Serial.println(string) sends formatted data.
Serial.read() reads data.

Additional Notes

Use ATmega328 if incorporating many components.
Be aware of pins 0 and 1 during uploading (for serial communication).
Microcontrollers have specific memory sizes for storing programs (RAM and ROM).
Microcontrollers may include multiple timers/counters.

Microcontroller Architecture

Consists of CPU, RAM, ROM, and peripherals. Often designed with embedded peripherals to perform specific tasks.

Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI)

General-purpose I/O device.
Connects the CPU to devices like ADC, DAC, keyboard.
Works directly with microprocessors.

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