صرف - قواعد العربية

• صرف is the Arabic grammar system used for understanding the structure and original letters of a word. Changes like deletion, addition, derivation, or substitution are studied— changes that don't affect meaning.

• صرف studies nouns and verbs.

• Foreign nouns (e.g., Yusuf, Ibrahim, Ismail) are not studied in صرف.

• Built nouns (e.g., pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, connective pronouns) are not included in صرف study.

• Verb nouns (e.g., صَحَ, رويد, هيهات, بَلَه) are not studied in صرف.

• Inflexible verbs (e.g., نعم, بئس, عسى, ليس, خلا, عدا) are not included in صرف study.

• Any kind of preposition is excluded from صرف.

Parts of Speech

• Words are categorized as nouns, verbs, and prepositions.

• Nouns denote independent meaning, with no time component, example : قلم (pen) and كتاب (book).

• Nouns take prepositions (e.g., في (in), على (on)).

• Nouns take تنوين (nunation).

• Nouns take the definite article (ال).

• Nouns can take additions.

• Nouns take the vocative particle (يا).

Verbs

• Verbs denote independent meaning, with time as a component : قرأ (past), يلعب (present), and اكتب (command).

• Verbs take particles such as (قد, سين, سوف).

• Verbs take auxiliary verbs.

• Verbs can take nāṣib verbs.

• Past tense verbs take a ta' marbuta.

• Present and command verbs use ياء المخاطبة.

Prepositions

• Prepositions denote meaning that is not independent.

• Prepositions do not take noun or verb markers.

صرفي ميزان (Grammatical Scales)

• A system used to analyze word structures.

• It's often referred to as وزن (weight).

• Most Arabic words consist of three letters, which are represented by the letters ف (fā', ع (ʿayn), and ل (lām) in the grammatical scale (وزن).

• The scale's form mirrors the original form of the analyzed word (word الوزن.

• Added letters in the original word reflect in the scale: قطع = فعل (faʿal), قمطرير = فعلُل (faʿlal)

• A three-letter word's scale mirrors its form and diacritics; قرأ = فعل (faʿal).

• A five-letter word has two extra lāms in the scale: سفرجل = فعلْل (faʿlal).

• A four-letter word has one extra lām: جعفر= فعلْل (faʿlal).

• Deleted letters in the original word mirror the scale: قال = فعل (faʿal), قل = فل (fal).

• Defining, feminine, dual, plural, or relational markers on a word are reflected in its scale.

• Missing letters in the Arabic language (such as the missing ياء in a word like يد, which originally was يدي) will also be indicated on the scale.

Verb Types (مجرد و مزيد)

• مجرد (unaugmented) verbs are verbs whose letters are entirely from the original word.

• This group includes verbs of threeletters.

• This group includes verbs of four letters

• مزيد (augmented) verbs are verbs that have one or more letters added to the original.

• Augmented verbs come in various classes - the number of added letters can vary.

Verb types (صحيح و معتَلّ)

• صحيح : An un-impaired verb that does not contain any of the three 'impaired letters' (ا, و, ي).

• معتل : An impaired verb that contains a 'impaired letter'.

• Each of these types has further subdivisions.

Verb Conjugation (إسناد الأفعال إلى الضمائر)

• Verbs, whether perfect (الصحيح) or imperfect (المُعْتَلّ), may be conjugated by attaching pronouns for subjects (رفع).

• Perfect (الصحيح) tense verbs vary only in the case of the doubled forms (مُضَعَّفٌ) when attaching the three active subject pronouns ( تاء الفاعل, نا الفاعلِين, نون النسوة).

• Imperfect (المُعْتَلّ) verbs have changes that depend on the word's structure.

Mūsadr (مصادر)

• The word derived from a verb. The different derivations follow patterns or weights (أوزان).

• The derivation types include the specific type of meaning. The word type (فعل) and the type of meaning are connected.

Other مشتقات (Derivatives)

• Different types of derivatives include the name of the agent (اسم الفاعل), the name of the patient (اسم المفعول), the adjectival participle (الصفة المشبهة), the superlative (اسم التفضيل), the name of time (اسم الزمان), the name of place (اسم المكان), and the name of the tool (اسم الألة).

• Each of these types follows certain rules and patterns.

تصغير (Diminutives)

• A special form of word derivation that creates a smaller, more diminutive form.

• Several rules dictate the pattern of this derivation, with several types resulting in different sounds.

نسب (Derivation of Relational Terms)

• This refers to derivations expressing relationship.

• The relationship might concern the origin or group of a person.

• Several types of relationship and corresponding word forms.

• The derivation might involve adding a yاء (ياء النسب).

• Words with diacritics like ال (al) might affect the derivation.

• Forms in the accusative.

• Forms of verbs (like verbs ending in تاء).

• Forms derived from verbs containing الف (alif).

• Forms derived from verbs containing ياء (yā').

هذا الاختبار يركز على قواعد صرف في اللغة العربية، ويستعرض التغييرات التي تطرأ على الأسماء والأفعال دون التأثير على المعنى. سيتناول الاختبار أيضًا تقسيمات الكلام مثل الأسماء والأفعال، ويتجنب دراسة الأسماء الأجنبية وأسماء الأفعال غير المرنة.