Spôsobilosť právne konať

• Rímské právo rozlišoval právne spôsobilé a nespôsobilé prirodzené osoby
• Právne spôsobilé mohli být úplne alebo len obmedzeně spôsobilé
• Právne spôsobilost prirodzených osob zasnávajala slobodou, občianským stavom a rodinným postavením
• Stráta slobody, občianského stavu nebo rodinného postavenia znamenala úplnú či obmedzenú ztrátu právnej spôsobilosti
• Ženy nemali rovnoprávne s mužmi, nebyly schopné vykonávať materskú moc nad dětmi ani zastupovať ich zájmy
• Rímské právo rozlišovalo dve formy ujmy na cti: nečestnosť (infamia) a zlú povesť (turpitudo)
• Vznik a zánik otroctva: dvojjasná spoločnosť Ríma rozdielovala na slobodné a otroky, právo na otroky sa získávalo skrze nakupovanie alebo vojny
• Otrokcestvo bylo základom hospodárskej činnosti v Ríme, právne poriadie a spoločenské mravy zabezpečovaly, aby pán otroka neznečisel sa obchodovali s ním krutě
• Otrok mohl nadobudovať svoj pánu hospodárstvo a mohl byť také poslúchačom, ale nemohl vlastniť věci, uzavrieť zmluvy ani uzatvárať manželstvo
• Výjimka na základe tendencie 'favor libertatis': pokiaľ otrokyňa byla krátko pred porodom slobodná, tak mohla tieto děti rodиty się slobodnými.

Translation:

• Rímské právo rozlišovalo právne spôsobilé a nespôsobilé prirodzené osoby
• Právne spôsobilé mohli být úplne alebo len obmedzeně spôsobilé
• Právna spôsobilnosť prirodzených osob zasnávajala slobodou, občianským stavom a rodinným postavením
• Stráta slobody, občianského stavu alebo rodinného postavenia znamenala úplnú či obmedzenú ztrátu právnej spôsobilnosťi
• Ženy nemali rovnoprávne s mužmi, nebyly schopné vykonávať materskú moc nad dětmi ani zastupovať ich zájmy
• Rímské právo rozlišovalo dve formy ujmy na cti: nečestnosť (infamia) a zlú povesť (turpitudo)
• Vznik a zánik otroctva: dvojjasná spoločnosť Ríma rozdielovala na slobodné a otroky, právo na otroky sa získávalo skrze nakupovanie alebo vojny
• Otrokcestvo bylo základom hospodárskej činnosti v Ríme, právne poriadie a spoločenské mravy zabezpečovaly, aby pán otroka neznečisel sa obchodovali s ním krutě
• Otrok mohl nadobudovať svoj pánu hospodárstvo a mohl byť také poslúchačom, ale nemohl vlastniť věci, uzavrieť zmluvy ani uzatvárať manželstvo
• Výjimka na základe tendencie 'favor libertatis': pokiaľ otrokyňa byla krátko pred porodom slobodná, tak mohla tieto děti rodíť sa slobodnými.

English summary:

• In ancient Rome, people were categorized as either legally capable or incapable natural persons
• Legally capable persons could be either fully or partially capable
• Legal capacity for natural persons was determined by their freedom, Roman citizenship, and family status
• Loss of freedom, citizenship, or family status resulted in a complete or partial loss of legal capacity
• Women did not have the same legal rights as men, they could not act as mothers or act as guardians, or take on a surety role
• Ancient Roman law recognized two types of disgrace: infamy and turpitude
• The origin and disappearance of slavery: ancient Rome distinguished between free and slaves, slavery was obtained through purchasing or war
• Slavery was the foundation of the economic activity in Rome, legal order and social norms ensured that masters did not mistreat slaves without justification
• A slave could manage their master's estate and could also be a listener, but they could not own property, enter into contracts, or marry
• Exemption based on the principle 'favor libertatis': if a slave woman was free for a short time before giving birth, her children were born free.

A naturally capable person in legal terms is an entity that can be a bearer of subjective rights and obligations according to the legal order. This ability to bear legal rights and obligations is also called legal capacity or legal subjectivity. In ancient Roman law, natural persons were either legally capable or incapable. Legally capable persons could be either fully capable or only partially capable. With the term "person in legal terms" we do not encounter in ancient Roman legal terminology, but rather the terms "head" or "status," which expressed a person's legal status. Legal capacity for natural persons arises at birth and thus complete separation from the body of the mother, if it is living and has a human form. Ancient Roman law recognized the legal rights of the unborn child. Legal capacity for a natural person ceases with death. Ancient Roman law did not recognize presumption of death or the declaration of death, so proof of death had to be provided by the interested party. Deprivation of any of these statuses resulted in a complete or partial loss of legal capacity. Loss of freedom resulted in complete loss of legal capacity, loss of Roman citizenship resulted in partial loss of legal capacity, and leaving the family resulted in loss of legal capacity for certain rights. Women did not have the same legal status as men, but they could still act as guardians, take on surety, or even be the head of an alien's property. However, due to the weakness of the female sex, women could not act as mothers or have guardianship over their children, nor could they take on surety for them. Nor could they preventive take on a guarantee. For those under the age of majority, they did not have the right to enter into marriage (ius conubii). Finally, even circumstances that reduced one's reputation and standing in the eyes of the public excluded certain persons from certain legal rights. Ancient Roman law recognized two types of disgrace: infamy and turpitude. A person could become disgraced in a direct way, such as being a performer, or indirectly, such as being sentenced for a crime and having a bad reputation. The law did not define the reasons for disgrace. The origin and disappearance of slavery: ancient Rome distinguished between free and slaves, and the means of acquiring slaves were purchasing them in Greece or Mala Asia and later through military conquests. The entire economic life in Rome was based on the labor of slaves, and their number was regulated by granting freedom. A slave was a thing, a subject of rights and obligations, not their possessor. They could not own anything, enter into contracts, or marry. However, a slave could manage their master's estate and could also act as a listener. Legal order and social norms ensured that masters did not mistreat slaves without justification and that slaves could appeal to magistrates if they were mistreated. A slave could be born free or become one, for example, by being captured in war. The law recognized the fiction of death in such cases, which allowed inheritance to pass to the slave. If a slave woman was free for a short time before giving birth, her children were born free. A free man according to the ius gentium could become a slave, for example, by being captured in war, but the fiction

• Rímské právo rozlišoval právne spôsobilé a nespôsobilé prirodzené osoby
• Právne spôsobilé mohli být úplne alebo len obmedzeně spôsobilé
• Právne spôsobilost prirodzených osob zasnávajala slobodou, občianským stavom a rodinným postavením
• Stráta slobody, občianského stavu nebo rodinného postavenia znamenala úplnú či obmedzenú ztrátu právnej spôsobilosti
• Ženy nemali rovnoprávne s mužmi, nebyly schopné vykonávať materskú moc nad dětmi ani zastupovať ich zájmy
• Rímské právo rozlišovalo dve formy ujmy na cti: nečestnosť (infamia) a zlú povesť (turpitudo)
• Vznik a zánik otroctva: dvojjasná spoločnosť Ríma rozdielovala na slobodné a otroky, právo na otroky sa získávalo skrze nakupovanie alebo vojny
• Otrokcestvo bylo základom hospodárskej činnosti v Ríme, právne poriadie a spoločenské mravy zabezpečovaly, aby pán otroka neznečisel sa obchodovali s ním krutě
• Otrok mohl nadobudovať svoj pánu hospodárstvo a mohl byť také poslúchačom, ale nemohl vlastniť věci, uzavrieť zmluvy ani uzatvárať manželstvo
• Výjimka na základe tendencie 'favor libertatis': pokiaľ otrokyňa byla krátko pred porodom slobodná, tak mohla tieto děti rodиty się slobodnými.

Translation:

• Rímské právo rozlišovalo právne spôsobilé a nespôsobilé prirodzené osoby
• Právne spôsobilé mohli být úplne alebo len obmedzeně spôsobilé
• Právna spôsobilnosť prirodzených osob zasnávajala slobodou, občianským stavom a rodinným postavením
• Stráta slobody, občianského stavu alebo rodinného postavenia znamenala úplnú či obmedzenú ztrátu právnej spôsobilnosťi
• Ženy nemali rovnoprávne s mužmi, nebyly schopné vykonávať materskú moc nad dětmi ani zastupovať ich zájmy
• Rímské právo rozlišovalo dve formy ujmy na cti: nečestnosť (infamia) a zlú povesť (turpitudo)
• Vznik a zánik otroctva: dvojjasná spoločnosť Ríma rozdielovala na slobodné a otroky, právo na otroky sa získávalo skrze nakupovanie alebo vojny
• Otrokcestvo bylo základom hospodárskej činnosti v Ríme, právne poriadie a spoločenské mravy zabezpečovaly, aby pán otroka neznečisel sa obchodovali s ním krutě
• Otrok mohl nadobudovať svoj pánu hospodárstvo a mohl byť také poslúchačom, ale nemohl vlastniť věci, uzavrieť zmluvy ani uzatvárať manželstvo
• Výjimka na základe tendencie 'favor libertatis': pokiaľ otrokyňa byla krátko pred porodom slobodná, tak mohla tieto děti rodíť sa slobodnými.

English summary:

• In ancient Rome, people were categorized as either legally capable or incapable natural persons
• Legally capable persons could be either fully or partially capable
• Legal capacity for natural persons was determined by their freedom, Roman citizenship, and family status
• Loss of freedom, citizenship, or family status resulted in a complete or partial loss of legal capacity
• Women did not have the same legal rights as men, they could not act as mothers or act as guardians, or take on a surety role
• Ancient Roman law recognized two types of disgrace: infamy and turpitude
• The origin and disappearance of slavery: ancient Rome distinguished between free and slaves, slavery was obtained through purchasing or war
• Slavery was the foundation of the economic activity in Rome, legal order and social norms ensured that masters did not mistreat slaves without justification
• A slave could manage their master's estate and could also be a listener, but they could not own property, enter into contracts, or marry
• Exemption based on the principle 'favor libertatis': if a slave woman was free for a short time before giving birth, her children were born free.

A naturally capable person in legal terms is an entity that can be a bearer of subjective rights and obligations according to the legal order. This ability to bear legal rights and obligations is also called legal capacity or legal subjectivity. In ancient Roman law, natural persons were either legally capable or incapable. Legally capable persons could be either fully capable or only partially capable. With the term "person in legal terms" we do not encounter in ancient Roman legal terminology, but rather the terms "head" or "status," which expressed a person's legal status. Legal capacity for natural persons arises at birth and thus complete separation from the body of the mother, if it is living and has a human form. Ancient Roman law recognized the legal rights of the unborn child. Legal capacity for a natural person ceases with death. Ancient Roman law did not recognize presumption of death or the declaration of death, so proof of death had to be provided by the interested party. Deprivation of any of these statuses resulted in a complete or partial loss of legal capacity. Loss of freedom resulted in complete loss of legal capacity, loss of Roman citizenship resulted in partial loss of legal capacity, and leaving the family resulted in loss of legal capacity for certain rights. Women did not have the same legal status as men, but they could still act as guardians, take on surety, or even be the head of an alien's property. However, due to the weakness of the female sex, women could not act as mothers or have guardianship over their children, nor could they take on surety for them. Nor could they preventive take on a guarantee. For those under the age of majority, they did not have the right to enter into marriage (ius conubii). Finally, even circumstances that reduced one's reputation and standing in the eyes of the public excluded certain persons from certain legal rights. Ancient Roman law recognized two types of disgrace: infamy and turpitude. A person could become disgraced in a direct way, such as being a performer, or indirectly, such as being sentenced for a crime and having a bad reputation. The law did not define the reasons for disgrace. The origin and disappearance of slavery: ancient Rome distinguished between free and slaves, and the means of acquiring slaves were purchasing them in Greece or Mala Asia and later through military conquests. The entire economic life in Rome was based on the labor of slaves, and their number was regulated by granting freedom. A slave was a thing, a subject of rights and obligations, not their possessor. They could not own anything, enter into contracts, or marry. However, a slave could manage their master's estate and could also act as a listener. Legal order and social norms ensured that masters did not mistreat slaves without justification and that slaves could appeal to magistrates if they were mistreated. A slave could be born free or become one, for example, by being captured in war. The law recognized the fiction of death in such cases, which allowed inheritance to pass to the slave. If a slave woman was free for a short time before giving birth, her children were born free. A free man according to the ius gentium could become a slave, for example, by being captured in war, but the fiction