Podcast
Questions and Answers
What triad may be overlooked, especially for athletes who are guarded about revealing personal habits?
What triad may be overlooked, especially for athletes who are guarded about revealing personal habits?
Amenorrhea, Eating disorders, Osteoporosis
What injuries are patients with severe lupus and rheumatoid arthritis prone to, particularly when weakened tendons and capsular structures are involved?
What injuries are patients with severe lupus and rheumatoid arthritis prone to, particularly when weakened tendons and capsular structures are involved?
Injuries from weakened tendons and capsular structures
Which activities should athletes with rheumatoid arthritis avoid due to possible neck instability?
Which activities should athletes with rheumatoid arthritis avoid due to possible neck instability?
What are common injuries among the wheelchair-dependent population, such as athletes with spinal cord injuries?
What are common injuries among the wheelchair-dependent population, such as athletes with spinal cord injuries?
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What should athletes do to combat fluid accumulation in immobilized extremities during physical activity, which diminishes cardiac return and output?
What should athletes do to combat fluid accumulation in immobilized extremities during physical activity, which diminishes cardiac return and output?
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What should paraplegic athletes with high thoracic injuries be advised to avoid exposure to, due to problems regulating body temperature?
What should paraplegic athletes with high thoracic injuries be advised to avoid exposure to, due to problems regulating body temperature?
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What percentage of total body weight do skeletal muscles account for in healthy adults?
What percentage of total body weight do skeletal muscles account for in healthy adults?
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Which metabolic pathway does not require oxygen to synthesize ATP?
Which metabolic pathway does not require oxygen to synthesize ATP?
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Controlled asthma is a contraindication for athletic participation.
Controlled asthma is a contraindication for athletic participation.
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The __________ and __________ are the two main settings of sports medicine.
The __________ and __________ are the two main settings of sports medicine.
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Match the following risk factors with their categories:
Match the following risk factors with their categories:
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Study Notes
Skeletal Muscles
- There are over 600 skeletal muscles in the human body, making up 40-50% of total body weight in healthy adults and over 60% for many athletes.
- Skeletal muscles generate forces for voluntary movements and postural control, contribute to thermoregulation, and play a key role in whole-body metabolism and endocrine and paracrine functions.
Muscle Structure
- Whole muscles are composed of individual muscle cells (muscle fibres) that are long, cylindrical, and enclosed by connective tissue (endomysium).
- Groups of fibers are organized into fascicles surrounded by perimysium, and the whole muscle is surrounded by epimysium.
- Muscles are separated from each other by a connective tissue fascia.
Muscle Function
- Muscles are arranged into opposing muscle groups: flexors (reduce joint angle) and extensors (extend joint angle).
- The active muscle group is known as the agonist, while the inactive group is the antagonist.
- Synergist muscles help stabilize joints during movements.
Energy Production
- There are three main metabolic pathways to synthesize ATP: anaerobic (not requiring oxygen) or aerobic (requiring oxygen).
- Anaerobic phosphocreatine (PCr) reaction is the simplest and fastest way to resynthesize ATP.
- Anaerobic glycolysis converts glucose into 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP, which can be used for aerobic ATP production or converted to lactate.
- Aerobic ATP production takes place in mitochondria, converting pyruvate and fatty acids into ATP.
Sports Medicine
- Sports medicine physicians provide comprehensive care for athletes, including prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal pathologies and medical illnesses.
Preparticipation Evaluation (PPE)
- PPE is a medical assessment of athletes performed prior to participation in sports, including medical history, physical examination, and identifying risk factors.
- Goals of PPE include ensuring player safety, determining fitness and health, and documenting risk factors.
Cardiac Evaluation
- The screening process involves asking about personal and family risk factors, and if necessary, further diagnostic tests and cardiology consultations.
- Key cardiovascular risk factors include family history of heart disease, high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, and cardiac symptoms.
Pulmonary Evaluation
- Controlled asthma is not a contraindication for athletic participation, but severe pulmonary compromise may discourage high-intensity sports.
- Pulmonary risks factors include uncontrolled severe asthma, serious pulmonary infections, and conditions compromising respiratory status.
Neurological Evaluation
- Risks factors include history of concussions, traumatic brain injury, seizures, and persistent post-concussive symptoms.
Musculoskeletal Evaluation
- The exam should focus on body parts most at risk, depending on the sport and athlete's personal history of injuries.
- One good indicator for return to sports is if the athlete can simulate sports-specific exercises without acute symptoms.
Other Important Medical Conditions
- Athletes with one kidney, organ transplant, or chronic organ enlargement need individual assessment before clearance for contact/collision sports.
- Athletes with one functional eye must take special precautions to protect the intact eye.
- Diabetic athletes need to pay attention to hydration, diet, and insulin therapy.
- Sickle cell disease patients may be allowed limited participation in non-contact sports, but must avoid overheating, dehydration, and chilling.
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Description
This quiz covers the health risks associated with athletic activities, including the triad of amenorrhea, eating disorders, and osteoporosis, as well as injuries and risks specific to athletes with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
