reflex & palpation

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Which reflex is tested by striking the patellar tendon directly?

Lateral hamstring

Patellar (correct)

Posterior tibial

Medial hamstring

Which position can be used to test the Achilles reflex?

Kneeling

Sitting

Supine lying

Prone (correct)

What should the examiner ensure before testing the Achilles reflex?

Patient's knee is flexed

Patient's plantar flexors are relaxed

Patient's dorsiflexors are relaxed (correct)

Patient's ankle is dorsiflexed

Which reflex is tested by tapping the thumbnail over the appropriate tendon?

Hamstring Signup and view all the answers

What may cause the reflexes to be absent soon after exercise?

Neurogenic intermittent claudication Signup and view all the answers

When should the reflexes be tested if neurogenic intermittent claudication is suspected?

Immediately after exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which area is located between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis?

Inguinal area Signup and view all the answers

What is palpated by the examiner when moving posteriorly from the ASIS?

Iliac crest Signup and view all the answers

What is the caudal portion of the sacral canal called?

Sacral hiatus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is palpated for symptoms of a hernia, abscess, infection, or other pathological conditions?

Inguinal area Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of the S2 spinous process?

Line joining the two PSISs Signup and view all the answers

What should the examiner do to properly palpate the coccyx?

Insert the index finger into the anus Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex occurs in males only?

Superficial cremasteric reflex Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative test result of the superficial cremasteric reflex indicate?

Normal situation Signup and view all the answers

What does a unilateral absence of the superficial abdominal reflex suggest?

Lower motor neuron lesion from T7 to L2 Signup and view all the answers

What does a normal result of the superficial anal reflex indicate?

Normal situation Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle should be palpated for potential pathology, and where is it located?

Piriformis muscle, located between the PSIS of the pelvis and the greater trochanter of the femur Signup and view all the answers

Which view should the examiner use to assess the shape of the vertebrae and disc spaces?

Anteroposterior view Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of the Babinski or Oppenheim tests indicate?

Possible presence of disease or upper motor neuron lesion Signup and view all the answers

What should the examiner check if neurological symptoms are found?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of a bamboo spine indicate?

Ankylosing spondylitis Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population has lumbarization of S1?

2% to 8% Signup and view all the answers

What condition occurs in 6% to 10% of the population and is characterized by incomplete fusion of the vertebrae?

Spina bifida occulta Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of traction spurs indicate in the lumbar intervertebral segment?

Spinal instability Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is used to test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is used to test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine in a prone position?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is used to test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine with the patient's leg rotated upward?

Side flexion Signup and view all the answers

What are the movements sometimes called passive accessory intervertebral movements (PAIVMs)?

Extension, side flexion, and rotation Signup and view all the answers

Which movement involves applying pressure through the thumbs to push the vertebrae anteriorly?

Central vertebral pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which movement involves applying pressure to the muscles overlying the lamina or the transverse process of the lumbar vertebra?

Unilateral vertebral pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is tested by striking the patellar tendon directly?

Patellar reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex may be tested in prone, sitting, or kneeling position?

Achilles reflex Signup and view all the answers

What should the examiner ensure before testing the Achilles reflex?

The patient's dorsiflexors are relaxed Signup and view all the answers

When should the reflexes be tested if neurogenic intermittent claudication is suspected?

Immediately after exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is tested by tapping the thumbnail over the appropriate tendon?

Medial hamstring reflex Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of traction spurs indicate in the lumbar intervertebral segment?

Hypermobility Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex occurs in males only?

Superficial cremasteric reflex Signup and view all the answers

What does a unilateral absence of the superficial cremasteric reflex suggest?

A lower motor neuron lesion between L1 and L2 Signup and view all the answers

What does the absence of the superficial abdominal reflex indicate?

An upper motor neuron lesion Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Babinski or Oppenheim tests?

To determine upper motor neuron lesions or pyramidal tract disease Signup and view all the answers

What should the examiner do if neurological symptoms are found during the examination?

Check the dermatome patterns of the nerve roots Signup and view all the answers

How should the examiner test for sensation in the lower limbs?

By running relaxed hands over the back, abdomen, and lower limbs Signup and view all the answers

Which movement should the examiner use to test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine with the patient's leg rotated upward?

Lateral flexion Signup and view all the answers

What does a unilateral absence of the superficial abdominal reflex suggest?

Spinal cord injury Signup and view all the answers

What should the examiner ensure before testing the Achilles reflex?

The patient's foot is dorsiflexed Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative test result of the superficial cremasteric reflex indicate?

Sciatic nerve impingement Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of the Babinski or Oppenheim tests indicate?

Upper motor neuron lesion Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is palpated for symptoms of a hernia, abscess, infection, or other pathological conditions?

Greater trochanter of the femur Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is used to test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine in a prone position?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of the L4 spinous process?

Between L3 and L4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of posteroanterior central vertebral pressure (PACVP)?

To push the vertebrae anteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of posteroanterior unilateral vertebral pressure (PAUVP)?

To apply lateral springing pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of transverse vertebral pressure (TVP)?

To rotate the vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What should be noted during palpation of the lumbar spine?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which area should the examiner palpate to assess for symptoms of a hernia, abscess, infection, or other pathological conditions?

Left upper quadrant Signup and view all the answers

What is the caudal portion of the sacral canal called?

Sacral hiatus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure should the examiner palpate by moving along the iliac crest and palpating for signs of pathology?

Iliac crest Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of the S2 spinous process?

Line joining the two PSISs Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper way to palpate the coccyx?

Insert the index finger into the anus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is palpated between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis?

Inguinal area Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is tested by tapping the tendon directly with a reflex hammer?

Patellar reflex Signup and view all the answers

In which position can the Achilles reflex be tested?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper position of the knee to test the patellar reflex?

30° flexion in supine lying Signup and view all the answers

How should the ankle be positioned to test the Achilles reflex?

Slightly dorsiflexed Signup and view all the answers

What should the examiner do to ensure the patient's dorsiflexors are relaxed before testing the Achilles reflex?

Passively dorsiflex the foot Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is tested by tapping the thumbnail over the appropriate tendon?

Medial hamstring reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is used to test for an upper motor neuron lesion in males only?

Superficial cremasteric reflex Signup and view all the answers

What does a unilateral absence of the superficial cremasteric reflex suggest?

A lower motor neuron lesion between L1 and L2 Signup and view all the answers

Which superficial reflex indicates an upper motor neuron lesion when absent?

Superficial abdominal reflex Signup and view all the answers

What does the absence or reduction of the superficial cremasteric reflex bilaterally suggest?

An upper motor neuron lesion Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex should the examiner perform to determine upper motor neuron lesions or pyramidal tract disease?

Pathological reflex tests (e.g., Babinski or Oppenheim tests) Signup and view all the answers

When should the examiner check the dermatome patterns of the nerve roots and the peripheral sensory distribution of the peripheral nerves?

If neurological symptoms are found Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is often easier to palpate if the hip is flexed to 90°?

Piriformis muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the population that experiences lumbarization of S1?

2% to 8% Signup and view all the answers

What anomaly occurs in 3% to 6% of the population, making the L4–L5 level the first mobile segment rather than L5–S1?

Sacralization of L5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the population that experiences sacralization of L5?

3% to 6% Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the population that experiences spina bifida occulta?

6% to 10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the population that experiences spondylosis or spondylolisthesis?

2% to 4% Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is palpated between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis?

The inguinal area Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is found in the left upper quadrant?

The spleen Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is palpated by moving posteriorly from the ASIS?

The iliac crest Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is palpated by pushing both thumbs down onto the superior aspect of the pubic bones?

The symphysis pubis Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is palpated by moving laterally 2 to 3 cm from the spinous processes?

The lumbar facet joints Signup and view all the answers

Which structure requires a rectal examination to be properly palpated?

The coccyx Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is used to test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine with the patient's leg rotated upward?

Side flexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of posteroanterior central vertebral pressure (PACVP)?

To test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine Signup and view all the answers

Which movement involves applying pressure to the muscles overlying the lamina or the transverse process of the lumbar vertebra?

Posteroanterior unilateral vertebral pressure (PAUVP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of transverse vertebral pressure (TVP)?

To palpate for potential pathology in the lumbar spine Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is palpated at the level of the L3-L4 disc space?

Umbilicus Signup and view all the answers

What should the examiner ensure before testing the Achilles reflex?

There is no hip pathology Signup and view all the answers

reflex &amp; palpation

Podcast Beta

Questions and Answers

Which reflex is tested by striking the patellar tendon directly?

Which position can be used to test the Achilles reflex?

What should the examiner ensure before testing the Achilles reflex?

Which reflex is tested by tapping the thumbnail over the appropriate tendon?

What may cause the reflexes to be absent soon after exercise?

When should the reflexes be tested if neurogenic intermittent claudication is suspected?

Which area is located between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis?

What is palpated by the examiner when moving posteriorly from the ASIS?

What is the caudal portion of the sacral canal called?

Which structure is palpated for symptoms of a hernia, abscess, infection, or other pathological conditions?

What is the level of the S2 spinous process?

What should the examiner do to properly palpate the coccyx?

Which reflex occurs in males only?

What does a negative test result of the superficial cremasteric reflex indicate?

What does a unilateral absence of the superficial abdominal reflex suggest?

What does a normal result of the superficial anal reflex indicate?

Which muscle should be palpated for potential pathology, and where is it located?

Which view should the examiner use to assess the shape of the vertebrae and disc spaces?

What does the presence of the Babinski or Oppenheim tests indicate?

What should the examiner check if neurological symptoms are found?

What does the presence of a bamboo spine indicate?

What percentage of the population has lumbarization of S1?

What condition occurs in 6% to 10% of the population and is characterized by incomplete fusion of the vertebrae?

What does the presence of traction spurs indicate in the lumbar intervertebral segment?

Which movement is used to test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine?

Which movement is used to test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine in a prone position?

Which movement is used to test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine with the patient's leg rotated upward?

What are the movements sometimes called passive accessory intervertebral movements (PAIVMs)?

Which movement involves applying pressure through the thumbs to push the vertebrae anteriorly?

Which movement involves applying pressure to the muscles overlying the lamina or the transverse process of the lumbar vertebra?

Which reflex is tested by striking the patellar tendon directly?

Which reflex may be tested in prone, sitting, or kneeling position?

What should the examiner ensure before testing the Achilles reflex?

When should the reflexes be tested if neurogenic intermittent claudication is suspected?

Which reflex is tested by tapping the thumbnail over the appropriate tendon?

What does the presence of traction spurs indicate in the lumbar intervertebral segment?

Which reflex occurs in males only?

What does a unilateral absence of the superficial cremasteric reflex suggest?

What does the absence of the superficial abdominal reflex indicate?

What is the purpose of the Babinski or Oppenheim tests?

What should the examiner do if neurological symptoms are found during the examination?

How should the examiner test for sensation in the lower limbs?

Which movement should the examiner use to test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine with the patient's leg rotated upward?

What does a unilateral absence of the superficial abdominal reflex suggest?

What should the examiner ensure before testing the Achilles reflex?

What does a negative test result of the superficial cremasteric reflex indicate?

What does the presence of the Babinski or Oppenheim tests indicate?

Which structure is palpated for symptoms of a hernia, abscess, infection, or other pathological conditions?

Which movement is used to test for hypomobility or hypermobility of the spine in a prone position?

What is the level of the L4 spinous process?

What is the purpose of posteroanterior central vertebral pressure (PACVP)?

What is the purpose of posteroanterior unilateral vertebral pressure (PAUVP)?

What is the purpose of transverse vertebral pressure (TVP)?

What should be noted during palpation of the lumbar spine?

Which area should the examiner palpate to assess for symptoms of a hernia, abscess, infection, or other pathological conditions?

What is the caudal portion of the sacral canal called?

Which structure should the examiner palpate by moving along the iliac crest and palpating for signs of pathology?

What is the level of the S2 spinous process?

What is the proper way to palpate the coccyx?

Which structure is palpated between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis?

Which reflex is tested by tapping the tendon directly with a reflex hammer?

In which position can the Achilles reflex be tested?

What is the proper position of the knee to test the patellar reflex?

How should the ankle be positioned to test the Achilles reflex?

What should the examiner do to ensure the patient's dorsiflexors are relaxed before testing the Achilles reflex?

Which reflex is tested by tapping the thumbnail over the appropriate tendon?

Which reflex is used to test for an upper motor neuron lesion in males only?

What does a unilateral absence of the superficial cremasteric reflex suggest?

Which superficial reflex indicates an upper motor neuron lesion when absent?

What does the absence or reduction of the superficial cremasteric reflex bilaterally suggest?

Which reflex should the examiner perform to determine upper motor neuron lesions or pyramidal tract disease?

When should the examiner check the dermatome patterns of the nerve roots and the peripheral sensory distribution of the peripheral nerves?

Which muscle is often easier to palpate if the hip is flexed to 90°?

What is the percentage of the population that experiences lumbarization of S1?

What anomaly occurs in 3% to 6% of the population, making the L4–L5 level the first mobile segment rather than L5–S1?

What is the percentage of the population that experiences sacralization of L5?

What is the percentage of the population that experiences spina bifida occulta?

reflex & palpation