Questions and Answers
Which region of the brain includes the thalamus?
What components make up the central nervous system?
Which system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
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What are the three general regions of the brain?
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Which area of the frontal lobe is involved in planning and executing movements?
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Where is the Primary Taste Area located?
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Which region of the temporal lobe is involved in speech comprehension?
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Which area in the occipital lobe receives visual information?
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What part of the frontal lobe is associated with higher-order thinking?
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Which part of the parietal lobe interprets sensory information?
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What type of tissue forms the outer layer of the spinal cord?
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Which structures are located in the grey matter of the spinal cord?
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Which one of these structures protects the delicate tissues of the spinal cord?
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How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there in the human body?
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Which of the following is a component of the vertebra structure as indicated in Figure 5.5?
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What is the role of the peripheral nervous system?
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Which part of the hindbrain is primarily responsible for regulating autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing?
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Which structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
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What is the primary function of the meninges in the human brain?
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Which part of the brain is situated directly above the spinal cord and is involved in coordinating movement and balance?
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Which area within the brain is involved in the production and storage of cerebrospinal fluid?
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What is one primary function of glial cells?
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Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving nerve impulses?
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In what way do dendrites provide a specialized function for neurons?
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Which part of the neuron is directly involved in communicating with adjacent neurons, glands, or muscles?
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What is the role of the myelin sheath?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?
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Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements?
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Which structure is described as 'the great relay station' of the brain?
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The hypothalamus is involved in controlling which of the following functions?
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Which structure is located at the base of the brainstem and connects the brain with the spinal cord?
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What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system primarily use in the 'fight-or-flight' response?
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Which part of the brain is primarily involved in processing sensory information from the eyes, ears, and nose?
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Which part of the brain contains neurons that control basic drives such as thirst and hunger?
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Which of the following is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which structure in the brain is walnut-shaped and located below and behind the cerebrum?
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Which sequence correctly describes a reflex arc's pathway?
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Where is the midbrain located within the brain?
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What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?
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Which brain structure serves as a relay center between the neurons of the right and left halves of the cerebellum, and the rest of the brain?
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During which response does the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the liver to release glucose?
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Which part of the brain is the largest and accounts for more than four-fifths of the total weight of the brain?
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Which of the following indicates an incorrect match for the 'rest-and-digest' response?
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What happens to the air passages during the 'fight-or-flight' response?
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How much time does it approximately take for a reflex arc to occur?
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Which of the following types of neurons in the somatic nervous system carries information to skeletal muscles?
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Which nerve is an exception among cranial nerves as it has branches to many internal organs?
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are present in the somatic nervous system?
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What is the primary role of the myelin sheath?
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Which of the following divisions of the spinal nerves controls the muscles of the rib cage?
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Which of the following neurone types is correctly paired with its structural characteristic?
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Which system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by adjusting to variations in internal and external environments?
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Which component is the first to respond to a stimulus in the reflex arc?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes interneurones?
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Where can bipolar neurones be found?
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What type of control is exhibited by the autonomic nervous system?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the sensory neurons in the somatic nervous system?
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Which category of neurones transmits information from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord?
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Which type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath around the axon?
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What structural feature is shared by multipolar and bipolar neurones?
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Which neurone type is involved in transmitting impulses to effectors such as muscles and glands?
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Study Notes
The Spinal Cord
- A cross-section of the spinal cord reveals both white matter and grey matter.
- The outer white matter consists of myelinated nerve fibers.
- The butterfly-shaped core is made up of grey matter which contains unmyelinated neurons as well as the cell bodies and dendrites of many spinal neurons.
- The delicate tissues of the spinal cord are protected by cerebrospinal fluid, soft tissue layers, and the spinal column.
- Injury to the spinal column can also damage the spinal cord, resulting in paralysis.
Peripheral Nervous System
- The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, including the senses, muscles, glands, and internal organs.
- The peripheral nervous system includes spinal nerves that are named for the region of the body where they are located: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral.
Cerebral Cortex
- The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain.
- It is broken down into functional regions which span multiple lobes.
- The different regions of the cerebral cortex include:
- Frontal Lobe: motor function regions, higher-order thinking, and emotional control.
- Parietal Lobe: processing sensory information.
- Temporal Lobe: auditory processing and memory.
- Occipital Lobe: processing visual information.
Brain Structure and Function
- The brain consists of different parts, including:
- Cerebrum: the largest part of the brain, responsible for intellect, learning, memory, consciousness, and language.
- Thalamus: acts as "the great relay station" of the brain.
- Hypothalamus: regulates the body's internal environment and certain aspects of behavior.
- Midbrain: involved in processing information from sensory neurons.
- Cerebellum: involved in the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements.
- Pons: serves as a relay center between the neurons of the right and left halves of the cerebellum and the rest of the brain.
- Medulla Oblongata: coordinates many reflexes and automatic bodily functions that maintain homeostasis.
Human Nervous System
- The human nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
- The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
Neurons and Glial Cells
- Neurons have specialized features, including:
- Dendrites: receive nerve impulses from other neurons or sensory receptors.
- Axon: conducts impulses away from the cell body.
- Myelin sheath: a fatty, insulating layer that protects and increases the speed of transmission of nerve impulses.
- Glial cells:
- Nourish neurons, remove wastes, and protect against infection.
- Provide a supporting framework for nervous tissue.
Reflex Arc
- A reflex arc is a simple connection of three neurons to transmit messages.
- It occurs in about 50 milliseconds.
- Examples of reflexes include jerking the hand away from a hot or sharp object, blinking when an object moves toward the eye, and vomiting in response to irritating food.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system is under automatic or involuntary control.
- It maintains homeostasis by adjusting the body to variations in the external and internal environments.
- The autonomic nervous system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
- The sympathetic nervous system is typically activated in stressful situations (fight-or-flight response).
- The parasympathetic nervous system is activated when the body is calm and at rest (rest-and-digest response).
- The effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on various effectors are listed in Table 5.2.
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Description
Learn about the composition and protection of the spinal cord, including white and grey matter, and its relationship with the spinal column.