Spinal Cord Structure and Function

Questions and Answers

Which region of the brain includes the thalamus?

Midbrain

Cerebellum

Hindbrain

Forebrain (correct)

What components make up the central nervous system?

Brain and sensory nerves

Peripheral nerves and brain

Spinal cord and motor nerves

Brain and spinal cord (correct)

Which system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Somatic nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Autonomic nervous system (correct)

Central nervous system

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Cranial and spinal nerves Signup and view all the answers

What are the three general regions of the brain?

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the frontal lobe is involved in planning and executing movements?

Premotor Area Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Primary Taste Area located?

Parietal Lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the temporal lobe is involved in speech comprehension?

Sensory Speech (Wernicke's) Area Signup and view all the answers

Which area in the occipital lobe receives visual information?

Primary Visual Area Signup and view all the answers

What part of the frontal lobe is associated with higher-order thinking?

Prefrontal Area Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the parietal lobe interprets sensory information?

Somatosensory Association Area Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue forms the outer layer of the spinal cord?

White matter Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are located in the grey matter of the spinal cord?

Dendrites and cell bodies of spinal neurones Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these structures protects the delicate tissues of the spinal cord?

Cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there in the human body?

12 pairs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the vertebra structure as indicated in Figure 5.5?

Dorsal-root ganglion Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the peripheral nervous system?

To link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the hindbrain is primarily responsible for regulating autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing?

Medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the meninges in the human brain?

Protect the brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is situated directly above the spinal cord and is involved in coordinating movement and balance?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Which area within the brain is involved in the production and storage of cerebrospinal fluid?

Lateral ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of glial cells?

Nourish neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving nerve impulses?

Dendrite Signup and view all the answers

In what way do dendrites provide a specialized function for neurons?

They increase surface area to receive information Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is directly involved in communicating with adjacent neurons, glands, or muscles?

Axon terminal Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

Act as an insulator Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?

Generating action potentials Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is described as 'the great relay station' of the brain?

Thalamus Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus is involved in controlling which of the following functions?

Heart rate and body temperature regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located at the base of the brainstem and connects the brain with the spinal cord?

Medulla Oblongata Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system primarily use in the 'fight-or-flight' response?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in processing sensory information from the eyes, ears, and nose?

Midbrain Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain contains neurons that control basic drives such as thirst and hunger?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Stimulates salivation Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the brain is walnut-shaped and located below and behind the cerebrum?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly describes a reflex arc's pathway?

Sensory neuron → Interneuron → Motor neuron → Muscle Signup and view all the answers

Where is the midbrain located within the brain?

Above the pons in the brainstem Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?

Supporting the neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure serves as a relay center between the neurons of the right and left halves of the cerebellum, and the rest of the brain?

Pons Signup and view all the answers

During which response does the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the liver to release glucose?

Fight-or-flight Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is the largest and accounts for more than four-fifths of the total weight of the brain?

Cerebrum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates an incorrect match for the 'rest-and-digest' response?

Inhibits salivation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the air passages during the 'fight-or-flight' response?

They dilate Signup and view all the answers

How much time does it approximately take for a reflex arc to occur?

50 milliseconds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of neurons in the somatic nervous system carries information to skeletal muscles?

Motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is an exception among cranial nerves as it has branches to many internal organs?

Vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves are present in the somatic nervous system?

31 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the myelin sheath?

To act as an insulator to the nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following divisions of the spinal nerves controls the muscles of the rib cage?

Thoracic nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurone types is correctly paired with its structural characteristic?

Unipolar neurone - Single process that extends from the cell body Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by adjusting to variations in internal and external environments?

Autonomic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which component is the first to respond to a stimulus in the reflex arc?

Sensory neuron Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes interneurones?

They connect sensory and motor neurones within the central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Where can bipolar neurones be found?

Inner ear, retina of the eye, and olfactory area of the brain Signup and view all the answers

What type of control is exhibited by the autonomic nervous system?

Involuntary control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the sensory neurons in the somatic nervous system?

Carrying information to the skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which category of neurones transmits information from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord?

Sensory neurones Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath around the axon?

Schwann cell Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature is shared by multipolar and bipolar neurones?

Both have a single axon Signup and view all the answers

Which neurone type is involved in transmitting impulses to effectors such as muscles and glands?

Motor neurones Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Spinal Cord

A cross-section of the spinal cord reveals both white matter and grey matter.
The outer white matter consists of myelinated nerve fibers.
The butterfly-shaped core is made up of grey matter which contains unmyelinated neurons as well as the cell bodies and dendrites of many spinal neurons.
The delicate tissues of the spinal cord are protected by cerebrospinal fluid, soft tissue layers, and the spinal column.
Injury to the spinal column can also damage the spinal cord, resulting in paralysis.

Peripheral Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, including the senses, muscles, glands, and internal organs.
The peripheral nervous system includes spinal nerves that are named for the region of the body where they are located: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral.

Cerebral Cortex

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain.
It is broken down into functional regions which span multiple lobes.
The different regions of the cerebral cortex include:
- Frontal Lobe: motor function regions, higher-order thinking, and emotional control.
- Parietal Lobe: processing sensory information.
- Temporal Lobe: auditory processing and memory.
- Occipital Lobe: processing visual information.

Brain Structure and Function

The brain consists of different parts, including:
- Cerebrum: the largest part of the brain, responsible for intellect, learning, memory, consciousness, and language.
- Thalamus: acts as "the great relay station" of the brain.
- Hypothalamus: regulates the body's internal environment and certain aspects of behavior.
- Midbrain: involved in processing information from sensory neurons.
- Cerebellum: involved in the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements.
- Pons: serves as a relay center between the neurons of the right and left halves of the cerebellum and the rest of the brain.
- Medulla Oblongata: coordinates many reflexes and automatic bodily functions that maintain homeostasis.

Human Nervous System

The human nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

Neurons and Glial Cells

Neurons have specialized features, including:
- Dendrites: receive nerve impulses from other neurons or sensory receptors.
- Axon: conducts impulses away from the cell body.
- Myelin sheath: a fatty, insulating layer that protects and increases the speed of transmission of nerve impulses.
Glial cells:
- Nourish neurons, remove wastes, and protect against infection.
- Provide a supporting framework for nervous tissue.

Reflex Arc

A reflex arc is a simple connection of three neurons to transmit messages.
It occurs in about 50 milliseconds.
Examples of reflexes include jerking the hand away from a hot or sharp object, blinking when an object moves toward the eye, and vomiting in response to irritating food.

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system is under automatic or involuntary control.
It maintains homeostasis by adjusting the body to variations in the external and internal environments.
The autonomic nervous system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

The sympathetic nervous system is typically activated in stressful situations (fight-or-flight response).
The parasympathetic nervous system is activated when the body is calm and at rest (rest-and-digest response).
The effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on various effectors are listed in Table 5.2.

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Learn about the composition and protection of the spinal cord, including white and grey matter, and its relationship with the spinal column.

Spinal Cord Structure and Function

Questions and Answers

Which region of the brain includes the thalamus?

What components make up the central nervous system?

Which system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

What are the three general regions of the brain?

Which area of the frontal lobe is involved in planning and executing movements?

Where is the Primary Taste Area located?

Which region of the temporal lobe is involved in speech comprehension?

Which area in the occipital lobe receives visual information?

What part of the frontal lobe is associated with higher-order thinking?

Which part of the parietal lobe interprets sensory information?

What type of tissue forms the outer layer of the spinal cord?

Which structures are located in the grey matter of the spinal cord?

Which one of these structures protects the delicate tissues of the spinal cord?

How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there in the human body?

Which of the following is a component of the vertebra structure as indicated in Figure 5.5?

What is the role of the peripheral nervous system?

Which part of the hindbrain is primarily responsible for regulating autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing?

Which structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

What is the primary function of the meninges in the human brain?

Which part of the brain is situated directly above the spinal cord and is involved in coordinating movement and balance?

Which area within the brain is involved in the production and storage of cerebrospinal fluid?

What is one primary function of glial cells?

Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving nerve impulses?

In what way do dendrites provide a specialized function for neurons?

Which part of the neuron is directly involved in communicating with adjacent neurons, glands, or muscles?

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements?

Which structure is described as 'the great relay station' of the brain?

The hypothalamus is involved in controlling which of the following functions?

Which structure is located at the base of the brainstem and connects the brain with the spinal cord?

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system primarily use in the 'fight-or-flight' response?

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in processing sensory information from the eyes, ears, and nose?

Which part of the brain contains neurons that control basic drives such as thirst and hunger?

Which of the following is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Which structure in the brain is walnut-shaped and located below and behind the cerebrum?

Which sequence correctly describes a reflex arc's pathway?

Where is the midbrain located within the brain?

What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?

Which brain structure serves as a relay center between the neurons of the right and left halves of the cerebellum, and the rest of the brain?

During which response does the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the liver to release glucose?

Which part of the brain is the largest and accounts for more than four-fifths of the total weight of the brain?

Which of the following indicates an incorrect match for the 'rest-and-digest' response?

What happens to the air passages during the 'fight-or-flight' response?

How much time does it approximately take for a reflex arc to occur?

Which of the following types of neurons in the somatic nervous system carries information to skeletal muscles?

Which nerve is an exception among cranial nerves as it has branches to many internal organs?

How many pairs of spinal nerves are present in the somatic nervous system?

What is the primary role of the myelin sheath?

Which of the following divisions of the spinal nerves controls the muscles of the rib cage?

Which of the following neurone types is correctly paired with its structural characteristic?

Which system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by adjusting to variations in internal and external environments?

Which component is the first to respond to a stimulus in the reflex arc?

Which of the following statements correctly describes interneurones?

Where can bipolar neurones be found?

What type of control is exhibited by the autonomic nervous system?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the sensory neurons in the somatic nervous system?

Which category of neurones transmits information from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord?

Which type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath around the axon?

What structural feature is shared by multipolar and bipolar neurones?

Which neurone type is involved in transmitting impulses to effectors such as muscles and glands?

Study Notes

The Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Cerebral Cortex

Brain Structure and Function

Human Nervous System

Neurons and Glial Cells

Reflex Arc

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

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