Spinal Cord Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

Which region of the brain includes the thalamus?

  • Midbrain
  • Cerebellum
  • Hindbrain
  • Forebrain (correct)

    • What components make up the central nervous system?

  • Brain and sensory nerves
  • Peripheral nerves and brain
  • Spinal cord and motor nerves
  • Brain and spinal cord (correct)

    • Which system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

  • Somatic nervous system
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system (correct)
  • Central nervous system

    • What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

    <p>Cranial and spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three general regions of the brain?

    <p>Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the frontal lobe is involved in planning and executing movements?

    <p>Premotor Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Primary Taste Area located?

    <p>Parietal Lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the temporal lobe is involved in speech comprehension?

    <p>Sensory Speech (Wernicke's) Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area in the occipital lobe receives visual information?

    <p>Primary Visual Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the frontal lobe is associated with higher-order thinking?

    <p>Prefrontal Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the parietal lobe interprets sensory information?

    <p>Somatosensory Association Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue forms the outer layer of the spinal cord?

    <p>White matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are located in the grey matter of the spinal cord?

    <p>Dendrites and cell bodies of spinal neurones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these structures protects the delicate tissues of the spinal cord?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there in the human body?

    <p>12 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the vertebra structure as indicated in Figure 5.5?

    <p>Dorsal-root ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>To link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the hindbrain is primarily responsible for regulating autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

    <p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the meninges in the human brain?

    <p>Protect the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is situated directly above the spinal cord and is involved in coordinating movement and balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area within the brain is involved in the production and storage of cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Lateral ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary function of glial cells?

    <p>Nourish neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving nerve impulses?

    <p>Dendrite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do dendrites provide a specialized function for neurons?

    <p>They increase surface area to receive information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron is directly involved in communicating with adjacent neurons, glands, or muscles?

    <p>Axon terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the myelin sheath?

    <p>Act as an insulator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?

    <p>Generating action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is described as 'the great relay station' of the brain?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus is involved in controlling which of the following functions?

    <p>Heart rate and body temperature regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located at the base of the brainstem and connects the brain with the spinal cord?

    <p>Medulla Oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system primarily use in the 'fight-or-flight' response?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily involved in processing sensory information from the eyes, ears, and nose?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain contains neurons that control basic drives such as thirst and hunger?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Stimulates salivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the brain is walnut-shaped and located below and behind the cerebrum?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence correctly describes a reflex arc's pathway?

    <p>Sensory neuron → Interneuron → Motor neuron → Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the midbrain located within the brain?

    <p>Above the pons in the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?

    <p>Supporting the neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure serves as a relay center between the neurons of the right and left halves of the cerebellum, and the rest of the brain?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which response does the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the liver to release glucose?

    <p>Fight-or-flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is the largest and accounts for more than four-fifths of the total weight of the brain?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates an incorrect match for the 'rest-and-digest' response?

    <p>Inhibits salivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the air passages during the 'fight-or-flight' response?

    <p>They dilate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much time does it approximately take for a reflex arc to occur?

    <p>50 milliseconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of neurons in the somatic nervous system carries information to skeletal muscles?

    <p>Motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is an exception among cranial nerves as it has branches to many internal organs?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of spinal nerves are present in the somatic nervous system?

    <p>31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the myelin sheath?

    <p>To act as an insulator to the nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following divisions of the spinal nerves controls the muscles of the rib cage?

    <p>Thoracic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurone types is correctly paired with its structural characteristic?

    <p>Unipolar neurone - Single process that extends from the cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by adjusting to variations in internal and external environments?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is the first to respond to a stimulus in the reflex arc?

    <p>Sensory neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes interneurones?

    <p>They connect sensory and motor neurones within the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can bipolar neurones be found?

    <p>Inner ear, retina of the eye, and olfactory area of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control is exhibited by the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Involuntary control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the sensory neurons in the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Carrying information to the skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of neurones transmits information from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Sensory neurones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath around the axon?

    <p>Schwann cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature is shared by multipolar and bipolar neurones?

    <p>Both have a single axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurone type is involved in transmitting impulses to effectors such as muscles and glands?

    <p>Motor neurones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Spinal Cord

    • A cross-section of the spinal cord reveals both white matter and grey matter.
    • The outer white matter consists of myelinated nerve fibers.
    • The butterfly-shaped core is made up of grey matter which contains unmyelinated neurons as well as the cell bodies and dendrites of many spinal neurons.
    • The delicate tissues of the spinal cord are protected by cerebrospinal fluid, soft tissue layers, and the spinal column.
    • Injury to the spinal column can also damage the spinal cord, resulting in paralysis.

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, including the senses, muscles, glands, and internal organs.
    • The peripheral nervous system includes spinal nerves that are named for the region of the body where they are located: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral.

    Cerebral Cortex

    • The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain.
    • It is broken down into functional regions which span multiple lobes.
    • The different regions of the cerebral cortex include:
      • Frontal Lobe: motor function regions, higher-order thinking, and emotional control.
      • Parietal Lobe: processing sensory information.
      • Temporal Lobe: auditory processing and memory.
      • Occipital Lobe: processing visual information.

    Brain Structure and Function

    • The brain consists of different parts, including:
      • Cerebrum: the largest part of the brain, responsible for intellect, learning, memory, consciousness, and language.
      • Thalamus: acts as "the great relay station" of the brain.
      • Hypothalamus: regulates the body's internal environment and certain aspects of behavior.
      • Midbrain: involved in processing information from sensory neurons.
      • Cerebellum: involved in the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements.
      • Pons: serves as a relay center between the neurons of the right and left halves of the cerebellum and the rest of the brain.
      • Medulla Oblongata: coordinates many reflexes and automatic bodily functions that maintain homeostasis.

    Human Nervous System

    • The human nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
    • The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

    Neurons and Glial Cells

    • Neurons have specialized features, including:
      • Dendrites: receive nerve impulses from other neurons or sensory receptors.
      • Axon: conducts impulses away from the cell body.
      • Myelin sheath: a fatty, insulating layer that protects and increases the speed of transmission of nerve impulses.
    • Glial cells:
      • Nourish neurons, remove wastes, and protect against infection.
      • Provide a supporting framework for nervous tissue.

    Reflex Arc

    • A reflex arc is a simple connection of three neurons to transmit messages.
    • It occurs in about 50 milliseconds.
    • Examples of reflexes include jerking the hand away from a hot or sharp object, blinking when an object moves toward the eye, and vomiting in response to irritating food.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • The autonomic nervous system is under automatic or involuntary control.
    • It maintains homeostasis by adjusting the body to variations in the external and internal environments.
    • The autonomic nervous system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

    Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

    • The sympathetic nervous system is typically activated in stressful situations (fight-or-flight response).
    • The parasympathetic nervous system is activated when the body is calm and at rest (rest-and-digest response).
    • The effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on various effectors are listed in Table 5.2.

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    Description

    Learn about the composition and protection of the spinal cord, including white and grey matter, and its relationship with the spinal column.

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