MS CH 47 Neurologic System Function, Assessment, and Therapeutic Measures

<p>Gray because of the lack of myelin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the first lumbar vertebra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor neuron cell bodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bundle of nerve fibers encased in multiple layers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corpus callosum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To filter sensory input (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within the cerebral hemispheres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts as a cushion and facilitates nutrient exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pituitary gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum and brainstem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a lumbar puncture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) (A), Monoamine oxidase (MAO) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes normal functioning during relaxed states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Craniosacral region, including the brainstem and sacral segments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced glandular secretions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote bronchodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controls the fight or flight response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minor loss of neurons, not affecting overall functioning significantly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intellectual Function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agnoisa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delirium can cause impairments in immediate and short-term memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure safety in daily activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broca's aphasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medications and alcohol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impacts both short-term and long-term memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adverse effects from medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged unconsciousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Report the change to the physician immediately (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assess their response to light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cataract surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their mental status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The risk of drug interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexion response to pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To receive signals from other neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It insulates the axon to enhance nerve signal conduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enabling saltatory conduction of electrical impulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon terminals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory and motor pathways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They transmit information from sensory receptors to the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling the functions of the neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is generally longer and less branched. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain body posture without conscious effort (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nerve tracts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It features a centrally located mass of gray matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A problem in the spinal cord or reflex arc (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of an integrated reflex arc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coordination of visual and auditory reflexes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide insulation and enhance signal speed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They carry both sensory and motor impulses to and from the CNS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shallow grooves between folds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modulating voluntary movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integration of several brain areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It works with the medulla to regulate breathing rhythm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preganglionic neurons are short and may travel to different ganglia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Postganglionic fibers are usually unmyelinated and long. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clusters of cell bodies found along the spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may pass through the first ganglion and synapse elsewhere. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain homeostasis and promote rest and digestion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because most ganglia are situated close to the spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced alertness and a readiness for action. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parasympathetic nervous system opposes the actions of the sympathetic system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish a basis for future comparisons of neurologic function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 8 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Notify the health care provider for further evaluation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate responses to changes in the patient's neurologic condition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient's admitting diagnosis and neurologic condition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recovery progress is being made since the last assessment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It assists in planning and modifying the patient's care based on their neurologic status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in neurologic function compared to the baseline assessment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilate to increase blood supply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease peristalsis and secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contract to prevent urination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased rate and force of contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenal glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilation to increase airflow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilates to enhance vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases production to divert energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased secretion during stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change glycogen to glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fissures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medulla (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coordination of voluntary movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Auditory reflexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through extensive folding into convolutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating learned behaviors and actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulci (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual personalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connect afferent and efferent neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased reflex speed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in producing speech sounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>History of neurological symptoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporting oxygen to nerves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anisocoria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To record electrical activity of the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing emotional support throughout the procedure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meninges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>31 pairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect and cushion the spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between the vertebrae and the spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It appears white because of myelin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prepares the body for physical activity in stressful situations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By letter and number (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glossopharyngeal (IX) (B), Facial (VII) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central canal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement of the eyeball (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement of the tongue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glossopharyngeal (IX) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement of the eyeball and pupil constriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accessory (XI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion of saliva and taste sensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It controls movement of the eyeball and adjusts pupil size. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction and increased heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholinesterase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Airway dilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During relaxation and nonstressful conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inactivating norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contributing to the blood-brain barrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is converted into a chemical signal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can impede the effectiveness of some useful medications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lining the ventricles and aiding in cerebrospinal fluid circulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The neurotransmitter is released only from the presynaptic neuron. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can become targets for medications affecting neurotransmitter action. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impulse transmission is unidirectional from presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The central, cylindrical portion of a vertebra, providing structural support and protection to the spinal cord.

The central, butterfly-shaped region of the spinal cord, containing nerve cell bodies.

A type of nerve cell found in the gray matter, responsible for transmitting signals from the brain to muscles.

A type of nerve cell found in the gray matter, connecting and relaying signals within the spinal cord.

Two protrusions of gray matter on opposite sides of the spinal cord, involved in motor functions.

Two protrusions of gray matter on the dorsal side of the spinal cord, receiving sensory input.

A long, cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers, extending from the base of the brain to the first lumbar vertebra, carrying signals.

The region of the spinal cord that provides nerves for the chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, and diaphragm.

Four interconnected cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

The two largest ventricles located within the cerebral hemispheres.

The ventricle located in the midline of the brain, within the thalamus.

The ventricle located between the brainstem and cerebellum.

A clear fluid that circulates within the ventricles and around the brain and spinal cord.

A structure in the brain that acts as a relay station for sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

A structure in the brain that controls essential functions like hunger, thirst, body temperature, and hormone release.

The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher functions like thought, language, memory, and reasoning.

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, heart rate increases, blood vessels to skeletal muscles dilate, bronchioles widen, and the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream.

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for regulating normal bodily functions during relaxed states, promoting digestion, defecation, urination, and a normal heart rate.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter used by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It is released by preganglionic neurons in both divisions.

Norepinephrine, released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons, acts on target organs and is inactivated by COMT or MAO.

Albuterol, a medication used for treating asthma and COPD, primarily affects the sympathetic nervous system.

The parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord.

The loss of neurons in the brain with age is a normal process that usually does not significantly affect mental capacity.

The sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate within the spinal cord, specifically in the thoracic and lumbar segments.

The ability to understand and respond to questions, make decisions, and solve problems.

A test of a person's ability to subtract 7 repeatedly from 100, assessing their attention and concentration.

The ability to recognize and interpret sensory information, such as sight, sound, touch, and smell.

The ability to understand and use language, including speaking, writing, reading, and listening.

The ability to store and retrieve information, including memories of past experiences, facts, and skills.

An individual's subjective experience and report of pain.

The ability to understand and respond to information in a way that is appropriate to the situation.

A person's current state of awareness, attention, and responsiveness to their surroundings.

A method used to diagnose delirium, focusing on features like acute onset, fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness.

A standardized test used to assess cognitive function, evaluating various domains like orientation, memory, attention, and language.

Unequal pupil size, often indicating neurological issues or injury.

The normal round shape of the pupil, unaffected by light or other stimuli.

The diameter of the pupil in millimeters when it's not reacting to light.

The process of directing a light source at the pupil from the side of the eye to assess its response.

The response of the pupil to being subjected to light.

The ability of the pupil to constrict when light is shone into the eye.

A clinical scale used to assess the level of consciousness in patients with brain injuries. It evaluates eye, motor, brainstem reflexes, and respiration using a numerical scoring system (0-4) for each category.

Pupil response is assessed in the FOUR Score Coma Scale. It is a significant indicator of brain function, as it reflects the activity of the brainstem.

In FOUR Score Coma Scale, the motor response refers to how a patient reacts to pain. It measures strength and coordination, indicating the severity of brain injury.

Brainstem reflexes are tested in the FOUR Score Coma Scale. They indicate the health of the brainstem, vital for regulating essential bodily functions.

The FOUR Score Coma Scale assesses breathing patterns. It indicates the function of the respiratory centers in the brainstem.

A type of breathing pattern where the breaths are very deep and then very shallow, followed by periods of apnea (no breathing). It is assessed in the respiration category of the FOUR Score Coma Scale.

This is a clinical picture where a patient has a rigid posture with extended arms and legs, stiff neck, and pointed toes because of severe brain damage affecting the brainstem.

This is a medical condition where there is a failure of the brainstem to regulate blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate.

A state of unresponsiveness where a patient is immobile with no purposeful movement or response to stimuli.

When there is a lack of response to stimuli, indicating a severe brain injury or disorder.

The control center of the neuron that contains the nucleus and is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons through dendrites and transmitting signals through the axon.

The branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.

A long, slender extension of a neuron that carries signals away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

A fatty sheath that insulates the axon of many neurons, increasing the speed of signal transmission.

Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon, where signal transmission occurs.

Chemical messengers released by neurons to communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands.

The space between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released and received.

A reflex where a stretched muscle automatically contracts, preventing overstretching and injury, like the knee-jerk reflex.

A group of nerve fibers within the central nervous system that transmit signals, appearing white due to myelin sheaths.

A reflex that involves withdrawing a body part from a painful stimulus, like pulling your hand away from a hot stove.

The outer layer of the spinal cord containing myelinated nerve fibers, responsible for transmitting information quickly.

Nerve roots that carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord.

Nerve roots that carry motor signals from the spinal cord to the muscles.

The outer layer of the brain, responsible for higher functions like thought, memory, and language.

Folds in the cerebral cortex that increase its surface area, allowing for more neurons and greater processing power.

Deep grooves between the gyri of the cerebral cortex.

Shallow grooves on the surface of the cerebral cortex.

Areas within the cerebral cortex that are specialized for specific functions.

A structure at the back of the brainstem responsible for coordinating movements, balance, and posture.

A structure in the midbrain that controls reflex actions like visual and auditory reflexes.

A structure at the base of the brainstem that controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

A chain of interconnected ganglia located on both sides of the spinal cord. It functions as a way for preganglionic axons to reach target organs.

Long fibers that transmit signals from the sympathetic ganglia to target organs.

The system that prepares the body for 'fight-or-flight' responses, enabling quick action in stressful situations.

The system responsible for returning the body to a state of rest and relaxation after a stressful event.

A complete neurological assessment should be performed on every patient upon admission to the hospital, providing valuable information about their current neurological status and serving as a baseline for comparison.

In addition to evaluating their current neurological state, a neurological assessment establishes a baseline for future comparisons, crucial for patients with pre-existing neurological conditions or those who might develop neurological issues during their stay.

The frequency of neurological assessments depends on the patient's diagnosis, pre-existing conditions, and their overall neurological status. The range can be from every 15 minutes for critical patients to every 24 hours for patients in long-term care.

Any changes in a patient's neurological condition observed during routine assessments should be documented and communicated to the healthcare provider promptly.

Prompt detection and intervention for neurological changes can make a significant difference in a patient's outcome, potentially leading to recovery or even saving their life.

A structured approach for neurologic assessment should be used when assessing a patient's level of consciousness, alertness, and responsiveness.

The results of a neurological assessment provide valuable information regarding a patient's cognitive function.

A patient's neurological function can be assessed over time through regular examinations, which can be compared to previous assessments to identify any changes in their condition.

A neurological disorder that involves an inability to understand or use language, typically caused by damage to the brain.

The study of the nervous system, including its structure, function, and diseases.

A neurological exam used to assess a patient's level of consciousness, alertness, and responsiveness. This includes tests like the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and FOUR Score Coma Scale.

A group of neurological disorders affecting blood vessels in the brain, leading to problems like stroke, aneurysm, and vascular dementia.

A test that measures brain activity by detecting electrical signals in the brain, used to diagnose conditions like epilepsy and brain tumors.

An image test that uses a contrast dye to visualize spinal fluid and the spinal canal, used to diagnose conditions like herniated discs.

A condition characterized by involuntary, rhythmic eye movements (jerky movements of the eyes).

Muscle stiffness and shortening that restricts movement, often resulting from lack of use or injury.

The three layers of connective tissue that protect the central nervous system (CNS).

The three layers of connective tissue that cover the brain.

These cells help create and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Many of them have tiny hairs called cilia.

These star-shaped cells help form the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood.

Specialized nerve cells responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the nervous system.

The transmission of an impulse across a synapse is one-way, as the neurotransmitter is released only by the presynaptic neuron, preventing backward transmission.

Specialized cells that contribute to the blood-brain barrier, preventing potentially toxic waste products from entering the brain.

The process by which a neurotransmitter is taken back up by the releasing neuron after it has been released into the synapse.

Some antidepressants work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that affects mood, sleep, and appetite.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter used by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It is released by preganglionic neurons in both divisions.

Norepinephrine is released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons, acting on target organs. It is inactivated by enzymes like COMT and MAO.

The parasympathetic division controls normal bodily functions during relaxed states, promoting digestion, defecation, urination, and a normal heart rate.

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight-or-flight' responses, enabling quick action in stressful situations.

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It is released by preganglionic neurons in both divisions.

Norepinephrine, released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons, acts on target organs and is inactivated by COMT or MAO.

Albuterol, a medication used for treating asthma and COPD, primarily affects the sympathetic nervous system.

The parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord.

The sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate within the spinal cord, specifically in the thoracic and lumbar segments.

With age, the brain loses neurons, but this is only a small percentage of the total and is not the usual cause of mental decline.