Spinal

What percentage of variability in block height is accounted for by CSF volume?

80%

What is the primary purpose of injecting 1% lidocaine with a 25ga or smaller needle?

To numb the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Which of the following local anesthetics takes the longest to reach peak block height?

Tetracaine

What is the purpose of the introducer?

To prevent the smaller needle from bending or getting misdirected

What is the primary determinant of duration in spinal anesthesia?

Drug selection

At what angle should the needle be inserted in the midline approach?

100-150°

Which of the following is a contraindication to spinal anesthesia?

Coagulopathy

What should you feel when puncturing the dura?

A distinct 'pop'

What is an important consideration in determining the suitability of a patient for spinal anesthesia?

The patient's ability to remain still

Why is it important to anchor the introducer in the interspinous ligament?

To prevent the introducer from moving

What happens if you deviate from the midline approach?

You may enter the paraspinous muscle

What is the primary goal of pharmacology in spinal anesthesia?

To provide adequate block height and duration for the proposed surgery

What is the recommended dosage of lidocaine to reduce the risk of TNS?

60-70 mg

Which of the following local anesthetics is known to have a higher failure rate?

Procaine

What is the purpose of repositioning the patient after administering the spinal block?

To achieve the desired block height

Which of the following local anesthetics is not recommended to be used with epinephrine?

Chloroprocaine

How long does it take to assess the development of the spinal block after administering the anesthesia?

Within 1-2 minutes

What is a benefit of using combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in surgery?

Excellent spinal analgesia for surgery

What is a potential drawback of using combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in labor?

May delay ambulation

What is a concern regarding reimbursement for anesthesia providers in relation to combined spinal-epidural anesthesia?

Uncertainty about reimbursement for improved postoperative pain management

What is a potential challenge associated with using combined spinal-epidural anesthesia?

Increased workload for anesthesiologists

What is recorded in the anesthesia record regarding the anesthetic agents used?

The type, dose, and lot number of the anesthetic used

What is the only absolute contraindication to regional anesthesia?

Patient refusal

Which of the following conditions is not a contraindication to regional anesthesia?

Benign intracranial hypertension

What is the primary mechanism of Postdural Puncture Headache (PDPHA)?

Loss of CSF through the hole in the dura

What is a key feature of Postdural Puncture Headache (PDPHA)?

It is postural in nature

What is a risk factor for Postdural Puncture Headache (PDPHA)?

Using a cutting needle

What is a complication of regional anesthesia that may occur due to aortic outlet obstruction?

Hypotension

Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia is rarely used in obstetrics.

False

The use of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia may decrease postoperative morbidity and mortality.

True

The anesthesia record typically includes details about the anesthetic agents used, including their lot numbers and expiration dates.