Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis Overview
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Questions and Answers

From which structure does the nervous system develop?

  • Endoderm
  • Yolk sac
  • Ectoderm (correct)
  • Mesoderm

    • What does the endoderm give rise to during embryonic development?

  • Epithelium of the primitive gut (correct)
  • Skin epithelium
  • Muscle tissues
  • Nervous system

    • How much amniotic fluid is present at 37 weeks of gestation?

  • 30 mL
  • 200 mL
  • 1500 mL
  • 1000 mL (correct)

    • Which of the following statements about the fetal membranes is correct?

    <p>The amnion and chorion are fetal membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the volume of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?

    <p>It increases significantly from 10 weeks to 37 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the fetal period begin during pregnancy?

    <p>At the ninth week of pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement indicates the age of the embryo using crown-heel length?

    <p>From the vertex of the skull to the heel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents the adherence of the embryo to the uterus?

    <p>Amniotic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of pregnancy measured from the onset of the last normal menstrual period?

    <p>280 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of pregnancy can the sex of the fetus typically be determined by ultrasound?

    <p>By the 20th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of the crown-rump length (CRL) does the length of the head approximate during the third month of pregnancy?

    <p>One-half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur to the eyes of the fetus during the third month of pregnancy?

    <p>They begin to move to the ventral aspect of the face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the lanugo hair found on the fetus?

    <p>It is a fine hair that covers the fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum body weight of a mature newborn considered healthy at birth?

    <p>2500 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the vernix caseosa and the skin of the fetus?

    <p>It is present by the end of intrauterine life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primary ossification centers during the 12th week of pregnancy?

    <p>They are present in long bones and skull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the migration of detached cells from the epiblast along the primitive streak?

    <p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the notochord?

    <p>It is critical for the formation of the axial skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the neurenteric canal play during embryonic development?

    <p>It is involved in the formation of the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the oropharyngeal membrane?

    <p>It separates the stomodeum from the primitive gut.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cloacal membrane during embryonic development?

    <p>To temporarily terminate the hindgut without intervening mesoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens upon the rupture of the oropharyngeal membrane?

    <p>It establishes a connection between the amniotic cavity and the primitive gut.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly outlines the formation of the allantois?

    <p>It later becomes obliterated after serving its function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is formed first at the cranial end during notochord development?

    <p>Notochord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the epithelium of the urinary bladder?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the primitive gut is correct?

    <p>The primitive gut is a blind-ending tube divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the ectodermally lined primitive oral cavity from the endodermally lined pharynx?

    <p>Buccopharyngeal membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which germ layer does the proctodeum, the lower part of the anal canal, originate from?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the cloacal membrane is accurate?

    <p>The cloacal membrane consists of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which locations are involved in hemopoiesis during intrauterine life?

    <p>Yolk sac, liver, spleen, and red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the oropharyngeal membrane in relation to the cloacal membrane?

    <p>The oropharyngeal membrane breaks down earlier than the cloacal membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the germ layers involved in the development of the hindgut?

    <p>The hindgut temporarily terminates at a membrane made of ectoderm and endoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first morphologically identifiable cell during erythropoiesis?

    <p>Proerythroblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of erythropoietin in erythropoiesis?

    <p>It acts as a signal for the development of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following membranes appears during the embryonic disc formation?

    <p>Cloacal membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the diameter of cells during erythropoiesis?

    <p>Diameter increases from younger to mature erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first identifiable cell in granulopoiesis?

    <p>Myeloblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which granules are first observed in the promyelocytes during granulopoiesis?

    <p>Nonspecific granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) be identified by?

    <p>Detecting their specific markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the size and shape of CFU-S is accurate?

    <p>CFU-S are similar in shape and size to small lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes oogenesis?

    <p>Oogenesis is the process where primary oocytes are formed along with polar bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two statements are true concerning spermatogenesis?

    <p>Spermatogenesis begins before birth and involves Type A pale spermatogonia dividing into primary spermatocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence correctly outlines the stages of spermatogenesis?

    <p>Type A dark spermatogonium, Type A pale spermatogonium, Type B spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the acrosome during spermiogenesis?

    <p>It contains enzymes necessary for fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the nucleus of the sperm cell condense?

    <p>Spermiogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about primordial germ cells is incorrect?

    <p>They are produced in the wall of the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the beginning of spermatogenesis?

    <p>At birth, with Type A dark spermatogonia forming Type A pale spermatogonia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the conversion of spermatids into sperm cells?

    <p>Spermiogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

    • The total number of female germ cells in the ovary is approximately 7 million in the fifth month of prenatal development, decreasing to about 2 million at birth, and to about 400 at puberty. Fewer than 500 oocytes will be ovulated.
    • Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis, the process of sperm development, takes approx. 74 days, with variations possible.
    • Sperm viability is about 4-5 days.
    • Oocyte viability is about 30-40 hours.
    • Average semen ejaculate volume is about 3 mL, containing 40-100 million sperm per mL.
    • Semen contains prostaglandins and fructose, which supports sperm energy. ATP is also a source of energy for sperm cells.

    Gametogenesis

    • Gametogenesis is the process of converting germ cells into gametes (sperm and eggs/oocytes).
    • Primordial germ cells form in the epiblast during embryonic development's second week, then migrate to the yolk sac wall, and ultimately to gonads.
    • Reduction of chromosome numbers and differentiation are part of gametogenesis.
    • The process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis takes approximately 74 days with variations possible, and the process of Oogenesis starts before birth and finishes in the process of fertilization.

    Oogenesis Details

    • Oogenesis is the formation of female gametes (oocytes).
    • Oogonia (female germ cells) differentiate into primary oocytes.
    • Primary oocytes begin meiosis I during fetal development, but arrest in prophase I.
    • Oogenesis begins before birth, with oocytes stopping in prophase I until puberty.

    Spermatogenesis Details

    • Spermatogenesis is the formation of male gametes (sperm).
    • Spermatogonia (male germ cells) undergo mitosis and develop into primary spermatocytes.
    • Spermatogenesis begins at puberty in the formation of primary spermatocytes.

    Spermiogenesis Details

    • Spermatids differentiate into sperm cells (spermatozoa), in a process called spermiogenesis.
    • The acrosome, a cap-like structure containing enzymes, forms on the head of the sperm during spermiogenesis.
    • The nucleus condenses and the tail develops in the sperm formation process called spermiogenesis.

    Additional Concepts

    • Polyspermy prevention: Cortical granules release enzymes to harden the zona pellucida, preventing polyspermy.
    • Fertilization: Sperm fertilizes the oocyte.
    • Cleavage: Zygote divides to form morula, then blastocyst with inner cell mass (embryoblast) and trophoblast.
    • Gastrulation: Formation of germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).
    • Neurulation: Formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the development and viability of sperm and oocytes. It examines the processes involved in gametogenesis and the importance of germ cells in sexual reproduction. Test your understanding of these fundamental biological processes.

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