Speech Production Models and Theories

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Questions and Answers

What are models and theories?

Only applicable to physical systems
Complex systems that cannot be broken down
Outdated concepts in science
Tools that help us understand and predict system behavior (correct)

What systems are included in the system of speech production and perception?

Respiration, phonation, articulation, audition, nervous system

What is a theory?

A statement about a particular phenomenon, incorporating underlying principles, facts, and assumptions

Theories can change because research changes our knowledge regarding these underlying principles, facts, and assumptions. These changes in affect our practices based which are based on current .

theories, knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What can models used in theories be?

Mechanical, physiological, mathematical, or computer-based Signup and view all the answers

A model is a simplification of a system that can be manipulated in a controlled manner.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do target models describe?

Speech as a series of either spatial or acoustic-auditory targets Signup and view all the answers

What do spatial models posit?

An internalized map of the vocal tract in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the acoustic-auditory model?

To achieve acoustic output Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the more recent target model presented by Perkell, et al (1995)?

Incorporation of both articulatory and acoustic targets Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of articulatory movements?

To create acoustic patterns for listener comprehension Signup and view all the answers

What are the goals of speech production defined as?

Regions in both acoustic output and articulatory space Signup and view all the answers

What is feedback used for in speech?

To detect and correct errors in speech output Signup and view all the answers

What is the gamma loop?

A neural mechanism for feedback operation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are stages of feedback motor control?

Movement error detected (A), Correction command transition to muscles (B), Muscle contraction to correct movement (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does stage 1 of feedback motor control involve?

Comparing the intended goal with actual movement Signup and view all the answers

Feedback alone can explain speech motor control.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

How are feedback signals used in speech?

To make articulatory adjustments online while speaking Signup and view all the answers

What are feedforward programs used in?

The control and regulation of speech production Signup and view all the answers

How does feedback control assist young children?

To learn correspondences between acoustic and articulatory aspects of speech Signup and view all the answers

When do feedforward motor programs become primary?

Once speech has fully developed Signup and view all the answers

What does action theory involve?

Coordinative structures - flexible groupings of muscles Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Models & Theories of Speech Production

Models and theories are tools for understanding and predicting behaviors within speech production systems.
Speech production systems are complex, consisting of subsystems like respiration, phonation, articulation, audition, and the nervous system.

Theories

Theories provide explanations for observable data and predict related events.
They evolve as new research alters our knowledge of principles, facts, and assumptions, which can impact practices in speech production.

Models in Theories

Models can be mechanical, physiological, mathematical, or computer-based.
A model simplifies a system for controlled experimentation, leading to various theories of speech production.

Target Models

Target models view speech as a pursuit of spatial or acoustic-auditory objectives.
Spatial models suggest an internal map of the vocal tract in the brain to guide articulator movements.
Acoustic-auditory models focus on achieving certain sound outputs, adjusting based on surrounding sounds, speech rate, and stress patterns.

Recent Developments

Perkell et al. (1995) proposed a target model combining articulatory and acoustic objectives to explain phonemic aspects of speech.
The primary aim of articulatory movements is to create acoustic patterns that communicate effectively to listeners.

Feedback Mechanisms

Feedback models utilize sensory information to identify and correct speech errors.
The gamma loop is a neural mechanism facilitating feedback operations during speech.

Stages of Feedback Motor Control

Movement errors are detected by contrasting intended goals with actual performance using sensory feedback.
Feedback alone cannot account for rapid speech motor control, as responses are often too slow.

Real-Time Adjustments

Feedback signals allow for immediate articulatory corrections during speech.
Learning speech's acoustic and articulatory links relies on feedback control and sensory input.

Role of Feedforward

Feedforward motor programs become predominant as speech develops, with learned commands guiding performance.
Action theory emphasizes the flexible coordination of muscle groups for speech production, permitting compensatory movements when necessary.

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Speech Production Models and Theories - CH 13

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