Speech Perception Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the acronym NP stand for in syntactic structure?

  • Negation Phrase
  • Numeric Phrase
  • Noun Phrase (correct)
  • Natural Phrase

In the structure 'The girl with the big fluffy dog', what role does the phrase 'with the big fluffy dog' serve?

  • Verb Phrase
  • Prepositional Phrase (correct)
  • Noun Phrase
  • Adjective Phrase

How is syntactic or structural ambiguity often resolved in sentences?

  • By attaching prepositional phrases correctly (correct)
  • By using synonyms more effectively
  • By analyzing the emotional tone of the sentence
  • By looking at the length of the sentences

What is the primary focus of the Expectation-Based Comprehension approach?

<p>Expectations regarding sentence structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the VP in syntax refer to?

<p>Verb Phrase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the cohort model in spoken word recognition?

<p>It is a collection of possible words that can be activated or selected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes shallow orthography from deep orthography in cross-language visual word recognition?

<p>Shallow orthography has a one-to-one mapping, while deep orthography has a one-to-many relationship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does masked priming affect the awareness of the prime used in visual word recognition experiments?

<p>The prime is masked or presented in a way that makes it subconscious. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical feature of the experimental paradigm used in semantic categorization tasks?

<p>Participants quickly decide if a word belongs to a category based on recognition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of studying the effects of orthographic depth in cross-language visual word recognition?

<p>It indicates that writing systems can interfere with recognition depending on their orthographic depth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the McGurk effect primarily an example of?

<p>Motor theory of speech perception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process of creating a prototype of speech sounds based on various speaker tokens?

<p>Speech normalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does phoneme awareness contribute to?

<p>Understanding of letter-sound correspondences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of categorical perception?

<p>Recognizing speech sounds as discrete categories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the auditory perception of speech according to the orthographic effect?

<p>Knowledge of spelling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What experimental condition is explored when examining low-level processing in speech perception?

<p>Sound discrimination with non-words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Audio-visual integration in speech perception primarily refers to which of the following?

<p>Combining sensory input from hearing and vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fixing patterns, what primarily distinguishes Japanese speakers from English speakers?

<p>Rhythm and stress patterns in speech (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily associated with visual word recognition?

<p>Left fusiform gyrus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the left fusiform gyrus when participants see scrambled words?

<p>Some activation occurs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In syntactic processing, which task measures how long readers spend on ambiguous words?

<p>Self-paced moving window paradigm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a NOUN PHRASE according to the structure given?

<p>Verb (V) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Visual Word Form Area in terms of visual input?

<p>It responds to anything that resembles a word. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bilingual visual word recognition, which model is referenced?

<p>Bilingual interactive activation model (BIA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an open-class word in language processing?

<p>Words that can be freely created (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of a closed-class word?

<p>They serve specific grammatical functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to elicit activation in the left fusiform gyrus?

<p>Scrambled objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the structural priming effect suggest about sentence processing?

<p>It reinforces similar structures in comprehension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Categorical Perception

The tendency to perceive speech sounds as belonging to distinct categories rather than as a continuous range of variation.

Prototype of Speech Sounds

A mental representation of an ideal speech sound, created by averaging various instances of that sound spoken by different people.

McGurk Effect

An illusion where the visual information about speech (e.g., lip movements) affects how we perceive the auditory information (speech sounds).

Motor Theory of Speech Perception

A theory suggesting that understanding speech involves activating the same motor pathways as speech production.

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Orthographic Effect

The influence of written spelling (orthography) on how we perceive spoken words.

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Phoneme Awareness

The ability to identify and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words.

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Lexical Access

The process of retrieving the meaning of a word from memory when we hear it.

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Pre-lexical Processing

Low-level processing of speech sounds before the word itself is recognized.

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Gating task (spoken word)

A spoken word recognition task where the word is presented in segments (gates).

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Cohort model (spoken word)

A model of spoken word recognition where multiple possible words are activated initially and then narrowed down.

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Masked priming (visual)

A visual word recognition paradigm where a prime word is presented briefly and masked, influencing the recognition of a subsequent target word.

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Orthographic depth (visual)

A measure of how consistent the relationship is between spelling and pronunciation in a writing system.

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Semantic Categorization

A task where participants quickly decide if a word belongs to a presented category.

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Visual Word Recognition

Process of recognizing words visually.

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Phonology in Lexical Access

How the sounds of words affect finding their meanings.

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Left Fusiform Gyrus

Brain area important for word and visual recognition.

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Visual Word Form Area

Specific part of the brain involved in visually processing words.

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Dyslexia

Reading disorder influenced by VWR deficits.

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Sentence Processing

How we understand sentences.

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Syntax

Rules governing sentence structure.

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Syntactic Trees

Visual representations of sentence structure.

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Open-Class Words

Words that can be added (nouns, verbs, adjectives).

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Closed-Class Words

Words that cannot be added (prepositions, articles, conjunctions).

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Verb Phrase Structure

A grammatical structure that involves a verb and the words that modify or complete the verb.

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Syntactic Ambiguity

A sentence that has more than one possible meaning based on the way phrases or components are combined.

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Constituent Analysis

Breaking down a sentence into its smaller, meaningful parts (like nouns, verbs, phrases).

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Expectation-Based Comprehension

A way of understanding sentences that predicts what's coming based on prior knowledge and experience, not just rules.

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Parsing of Syntax

Analyzing the structure of language to determine the relationships between words and phrases.

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Study Notes

Speech Perception

  • Language-specific phonology (inventory) that has voicing, aspiration; every phoneme can form a category by itself, and actualization is the exemplar.
  • Contrastive sound units produce words.
  • Dialects can vary, resulting in many variations in phonemic inventory.
  • Sound categories differentiate different words to produce minimal pairs.
  • Native sound categories are formed gradually in infancy through continuous exposure to input (from caregivers).
  • Sounds from a native language can present challenges when learning a second language.
  • Japanese speakers' perception of English /r/ and /l/ phonemes is influenced by their language, as these sounds are not contrastive in Japanese.
  • Categorical perception involves categorizing an auditory signal (audio stimulus).
  • We categorize sounds that are similar to a prototype as belonging to a category.
  • Categories can change with language background.
  • A categorical perception experiment typically involves a continuum of stimuli, varying a key acoustic feature (like VOT).
  • Listeners categorize the sounds continuously.
  • Response time is slower for stimuli that are slightly different but within the category compared to stimuli exactly on the boundary.
  • Listeners are sensitive to small differences even if they are categorized the same.

Categorical Perception of Voice Onset Time (VOT)

  • VOT is a key acoustic feature used to distinguish /ba/ from /pa/.
  • Participants categorize sounds along a continuum.
  • The decision time is based on category membership.
  • Decision time is longer at the category boundary.
  • Listeners are able to detect subtle differences within categories.

Impact of Masks on Perception of Speech

  • Masks impacts perception because lip movements don't match the sounds they hear.

Motor Theory of Speech Perception

  • Speech perception involves perceiving gestures from motor cortex.
  • Perception of speech involves articulatory gestures, like mouth and tongue movements.
  • Motor cortex activation occurs during perception.
  • Perception of speech sounds involves mimicking the sounds in the mind.

Written Form (Orthography)

  • Not all writing systems represent speech sounds similarly.
  • Some writing systems are more consistent than others.
  • Mental representations of written forms are active after literacy training.
  • Degraded auditory signals can be challenging when learning new languages, because written forms can sometimes differ from spoken versions.
  • Silent letters influence perception of speech.

Phoneme Awareness

  • Phoneme awareness requires knowledge of phonemes.
  • Phoneme awareness improves with literacy training.

Possible Paradigms for Low-Level Processing

  • Phoneme (or rhyme) monitoring task.
  • Identification tasks (identify heard syllables or nonwords.)
  • Sound-splicing studies (examining how sound transitions affect lexical decisions).
  • AX discrimination tasks (determining if two sounds or nonwords are the same or different).
  • Lexical decision tasks (determining whether a presented stimulus is a word or not).
  • Word spotting task (visual or auditory, identifying words in a sequence).

Language Background and Word Recognition

  • Language background (number of languages spoken) influences word recognition speed.
  • Increased competition in language areas can slow down word recognition.

Context Effect

  • Longer context allows for easier and faster recognition.
  • The frequency of a word affects context.
  • Higher-frequency words are recognized faster than low-frequency words.

Visual Word Recognition

  • Visual word recognition has several models with distinct layers for features, letters, and words.
  • Models vary across orthographies.
  • Processing is language-dependent.
  • Reading skills directly relate to activation in visual areas.

Dyslexia and Visual Word Recognition

  • Surface dyslexia and phonological dyslexia are specific deficits in reading and decoding words.
  • Deep dyslexia involves semantic paraphasia, which can involve reading words with semantically related but incorrect meanings.
  • Different types of dyslexia differ in activation patterns in the brain.

Syntactic Processing

  • Syntax focuses on how words are structured in sentences, to create grammatical sentences and follow rules.
  • Ambiguous sentences (sentences that can have more than one interpretation) are parsed differently by the brain.
  • Different types of activation patterns in the brain are related to different syntactic structures.

Chinese Letter Recognition

  • Readers of Chinese languages appear more reliant on visual/orthographic processing in recognizing the characters.
  • Activation of orthographic info occurs first, then phonological information, and lastly semantic processing.

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Speech Perception 8.2 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the intricacies of speech perception, focusing on how language-specific phonology and sound categories influence comprehension and production. It highlights the role of dialects, native sound categories, and their impact on second language learning, particularly in relation to phonemes like /r/ and /l/. Test your knowledge on these concepts and their implications in linguistics.

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