Speech Articulation Mechanisms Quiz

Acoustic Aspect of Speech Sounds = Physical properties and wave patterns of sounds Articulatory Aspect of Speech Sounds = Processes involved in the production of speech sounds The Articulatory Classification of English Consonants = Categorization of English consonants based on articulatory features The Articulatory Classification of English Vowels = Categorization of English vowels based on articulatory features

Periodical waves = Rhythmical vibrations of a physical body Non-periodical waves = Non-rhythmical vibrations of a physical body Musical tone = Auditory impression of periodical waves Noise = Auditory impression of non-periodical waves

Vocal cords = Vibrating body responsible for generating sound energy Air pressure = External force applied to set vibrating bodies into motion String or tuning fork = Vibrating bodies set into vibration by an external force Blow = Application of external force to set vibrating bodies into motion

English Consonants vs. Russian Consonants = Distinguishing features in the articulation of consonants in English and Russian English Vowels vs. Russian Vowels = Distinguishing features in the articulation of vowels in English and Russian The Main Criteria of the Articulatory and Acoustic Classification of Speech Sounds = Fundamental principles used to categorize speech sounds based on articulatory and acoustic aspects Physical properties of sound = Characteristics that can be separated for analysis purposes

Back vowels = Produced when the bulk of the tongue is in the back part of the mouth Front-retracted vowels = Produced when the front part of the tongue is raised highest towards the hard palate Mid-open (mid) vowels = Produced when the raised part of the tongue is half-way between its high and low positions Diphthongs = Consist of two vowel elements pronounced so as to form a single syllable

Tense vowels = When the muscles of the lips, tongue, cheeks, and pharynx are tense Checked vowels = Occur in stressed closed syllables, ending in a fortis voiceless consonant Monophthongs = Pronounced with more or less stable lip, tongue, and mouth walls position Unstressed syllable = A vowel is longer in a stressed syllable than in an unstressed syllable

High (close) vowels = Produced when one of the parts of the tongue comes close to the roof of the mouth Long vowels = (Historically) defined as tense, produced with an extended duration Diphthongs = Consist of two vowel elements pronounced so as to form a single syllable English monophthongs = Pronounced with more or less stable lip, tongue, and mouth walls position

Vertical movements of the tongue = English vowels are subdivided into high (close), mid-open (half-open, mid), and low (open) Horizontal movements of the tongue = Vowels are subdivided into back, back-advanced, front, front-retracted, and central

Frequency = Number of vibrations per second Intensity = Variations in the loudness of the sound Duration = Quantity of time during which the same vibratory motion is maintained Wave length = Distance between the points having the same phase in two adjacent waves

Power mechanism = Diaphragm, lungs, bronchi, windpipe, glottis, larynx, mouth cavity, nasal cavity Vibrator mechanism = Vocal cords, glottis Resonator mechanism = Pharynx, mouth cavity, nasal cavity Obstructor mechanism = Tongue, lips, teeth, soft palate, hard palate, alveolar ridge

Turbulent noise = Helps to produce voiceless constrictive consonants Impulse wave = Formed when the complete constriction to the flow of air in the mouth cavity is suddenly broken Vocal cords = Produces vibration in the articulation of vowels Resonator mechanism = Forms the sounds and intensifies them

Pharynx = Principal resonator influencing the formation and quality of sounds Mouth cavity = Principal resonator influencing the formation and quality of sounds Nasal cavity = Principal resonator influencing the formation and quality of sounds Boundaries or walls of each cavity = Formed by various parts of the speech apparatus

Complete obstruction = Two organs of speech come in contact with each other and block the air passage through the mouth Incomplete obstruction = An articulating organ is held close to narrow or constrict the air passage without blocking it Blade with the tip of tongue = Position occupied in production of forelingual consonants Lips = Can be rounded, slightly protruded or spread

[p] = Bilabial [t] = Alveolar [k] = Velar [ʃ] = Post-alveolar

[d] = Constrictive [t] = Occlusive [f] = Constrictive [k] = Occlusive

[b] = Voiced [s] = Voiceless [m] = Voiced [n] = Voiced

[d] = Alveolar [ʒ] = Palato-alveolar [w] = Labial [ŋ] = Velar

[v] = Voiced (lenis) [p] = Voiceless (fortis) [j] = Voiced (lenis) [h] = Voiceless (fortis)

[n] = Constrictive [p] = Occlusive [l] = Constrictive [d] = Occlusive

[ʧ] = Affricate [s] = Constrictive [ŋ] = - [r] = -

[t] = - [w] = - [ʤ] = - [ŋ] = -

Occlusive sonorants = Complete obstruction in the mouth cavity which is not released Constrictive noise consonants (fricatives) = Speech organs form an incomplete obstruction Constrictive sonorants = Air passage is fairly wide and air passing through the mouth does not produce audible friction Nasal consonants = Soft palate is lowered and the air escapes through the nasal cavity

Forelingual consonants in English = Articulated with the apicoalveolar position of the tip of the tongue Forelingual consonants in Russian = Mainly dorsal, with the tip of the tongue passive and lowered, and the blade placed against the upper teeth Voiceless consonants in English = Pronounced more energetically than similar Russian consonants English consonants without counterparts in Russian = Include [w, θ, ð, ʤ, r, ŋ, h]

Dorsal articulation of English forelingual apical [t, d] = Mispronunciation that may result from differences in articulation bases of English and Russian languages Use of Russian rolled [р] instead of English postalveolar [r] = Mispronunciation that may result from differences in articulation bases of English and Russian languages Use of Russian [х] instead of English glottal [h] = Mispronunciation that may result from differences in articulation bases of English and Russian languages Weak pronunciation of voiceless fortis [p, t, k, f, s, ʃ, ʧ] = Mispronunciation that may result from differences in articulation bases of English and Russian languages

Position of the lips = Classifying into rounded (labialized) and unrounded (non-labialized) vowels based on lip position Position of the tongue = One of the principles used to classify English vowels by Russian phoneticians Length = One of the principles used to classify English vowels by Russian phoneticians Stability of articulation = One of the principles used to classify English vowels by Russian phoneticians

Assimilation = The process of a sound becoming similar to an adjacent sound Elision = The omission or removal of a sound in connected speech Sound Alternations = The variation of a sound in different phonetic environments Articulatory Transition = The movement and connection of speech sounds in connected speech

On-glide = The initial stage where organs of speech move to the necessary position for pronunciation Hold stage = The middle stage where organs of speech are kept in position for sound production Off-glide = The final stage where organs of speech move away from the position for pronunciation Excursion stage = The stage during which the organs of speech move away from a neutral position

Progressive Assimilation = A sound changing to become more similar to a following sound Regressive Assimilation = A sound changing to become more similar to a preceding sound Total Assimilation = A sound becoming identical to an adjacent sound Partial Assimilation = A sound changing to be similar but not identical to an adjacent sound

Connected Speech = Sounds pronounced together within words and at word junctions in phrases and sentences Articulatory Transition = Movement and connection of sounds in actual speech Elision = Omission or removal of sounds in connected speech Sound Alternations = Variation of sounds in different phonetic environments

On-glide = Initial movement away from neutral position for pronunciation Hold stage = Keeping organs of speech in position for sound production Off-glide = Final movement away from position for pronunciation Excursion stage = Movement away from a neutral position

On-glide = The initial phase where the organs of speech begin to move into position for sound production Pause = The retention stage where the closure or obstruction of the sound is maintained Off-glide = The final stage where the organs of speech move away to a neutral position, allowing the sound to be released Hold stage = The stage immediately following the closure where the retention of sound occurs

Merging of stages = Occurs when two adjacent sounds of different nature are joined, with the end of the preceding sound penetrating into the beginning of the following sound Interpenetration of stages = Takes place when consonants of a similar or identical nature are joined, with the end of the first sound penetrating not only into the beginning but also into the middle part of the second sound Unknown = The second sound penetrates into the beginning of the first one, with no interruption in articulation

Assimilation affecting place of articulation = Modification under influence of neighbouring consonant, affecting both place of articulation and active organ of speech Assimilation affecting manner of noise production = Influence causing change in manner of noise production for a consonant Assimilation affecting vocal cords = Change in vocal cord behavior due to influence from neighbouring consonant Assimilation affecting lip position = Articulation modification due to influence on lip positioning by neighbouring consonant

Complete assimilation = When articulation fully coincides with that of the influencing sound Partial assimilation = Retains main phonemic features but becomes partly similar in some articulation feature to influencing sound Intermediate assimilation = Change into a different sound that does not coincide with influencing consonant, but is not a complete change either Unknown = No such degree of assimilation

Progressive assimilation = When the assimilated consonant is influenced by the preceding consonant Regressive assimilation = When the preceding consonant is influenced by the following one Double (reciprocal) assimilation = When two adjacent consonants influence each other Unknown = No such direction of assimilation

[t - d - ɪd] = walked - walk [s - z - ɪz] = birds - bird

the – [i - ə] = the old house

assimilation = progressive adaptation of sound complete assimilation = full merging of sounds historical assimilation = sound change over time accommodation = adjustment of sound to match another

Assimilation = Progressive adaptation of sound to match surrounding sounds Elision = Omission of sound or syllable

with [r] = 'moreover'

Living assimilation = Assimilation which occurs in everyday speech in the present-day pronunciation Historical assimilation = The present-day pronunciation of a word resulting from an assimilation which took place at an earlier stage in the history of the language Contextual assimilation = Assimilation in the pronunciation of compounds where a word comes to have a pronunciation different from when said by itself Obligatory assimilation = Assimilation that occurs in the speech of all people who speak a certain language, regardless of the style of speech used

Accommodation 1 = An unrounded variant of a consonant phoneme replaced by its rounded variant under the influence of a following rounded vowel phoneme Accommodation 2 = A fully back variant of a back vowel phoneme replaced by its slightly advanced variant under the influence of the preceding mediolingual phoneme [j] Accommodation 3 = A vowel phoneme represented by its slightly more open variant before the dark [ł] under the influence of the latter’s back secondary focus Accommodation 4 = The modification in the articulation of a vowel under the influence of an adjacent consonant, or vice versa

[ft, st, ʃt, θt, vd, zd, ðd] = Elision of [t, d] in this sequence: waste paper, closed doors [pt, kt, bd, ɡd, ʧt, ʤd] = Elision of [t, d] in this sequence: dubbed film, trapped by [md, nd, ŋd] = Elision of [d] in this sequence: slammed the door [t, d] = Elision of these consonants in sequences like next day

[mʌnθs] → [mʌns], [kləʊðz] → [kləʊz] = Months and clothes with elided dental fricatives [sɪksθ] → [sɪkθ] = Sixth elides the consonant which precedes [θ] six of the best [ʹsiks ə ðəˎbest], two pounds of pears [ʹtu: ʹpaʊnz əˎpeəz] = Of eliding [v] before [ð] or before other consonants in rapid colloquial speech going to has the form [ɡənə] in all cases except very careful speech = [ɡənə] as a form for 'going to' in rapid colloquial speech

Quantitative reduction = Shortening of a vowel sound in unstressed positions, mainly affecting long vowels Qualitative reduction = Obscuration of vowels towards [ə, ɪ, ʊ], affecting both long and short vowels Vowel reduction in unstressed form-words = Undergoing both quantitative and qualitative reduction in most cases Reduction in unstressed syllables within words and intonation groups = A process of shortening, weakening or disappearance of vowel sounds

Sound alternations = Sound variations in words, their derivatives and grammatical forms caused by assimilation, accommodation and reduction in speech Historical alternations = Alternations for which no causes can be found in present-day language and can only be explained on the basis of language history Vowel alternations = Alternations marking both vowels and consonants and having definite grammatical functions preserved for centuries Contemporary elision = Phenomenon where certain notional words lose some sounds (vowels and consonants) in rapid colloquial speech

Word stress = Greater degree of prominence of a syllable or syllables compared to others in a word Stressed syllables = Syllables that are more prominent than others in a word Stress pattern = A particular combination of varying prominence of syllables in a word Degrees of Word Stress = Different levels of prominence of syllables in a word

B.A. Bogoroditsky = Defined stress as an increase of energy, accompanied by an increase of expiratory and articulatory activity D. Jones = Defined stress as the degree of force, which is accompanied by a strong force of exhalation and gives an impression of loudness H. Sweet = Stated that stress is connected with the force of breath A.C. Jimson = Admitted that a more prominent syllable is accompanied by pitch changes in the voice, quality, and quantity of the stressed sounds

Production = Requires more muscular energy for stressed syllables Perception = Closely related to production but not identical Nature = The sequence of syllables in a word is not pronounced identically, with some syllables being more prominent than others Functions = Connected with the force of breath and accompanied by pitch changes in the voice, quality, and quantity of the stressed sounds

Verb = If the second syllable contains a long vowel or a diphthong, or ends with more than one consonant, the second syllable is stressed Simple adjective = Stressed according to the same rule as two-syllable verbs Noun = If the second syllable contains a short vowel, the stress is on the first syllable; otherwise, it is on the second syllable Adverb or preposition = Behave like verbs and adjectives in terms of stress

Verb = If the last syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant, that syllable is unstressed; otherwise, the final syllable is stressed Noun = If the final syllable contains a short vowel or [əʊ], it is unstressed; if the preceding syllable contains a long vowel or a diphthong, or ends with more than one consonant, that middle syllable will be stressed Adjective = Seems to need the same rule as three-syllable verbs None of the above = There are no specific stress rules for three-syllable words

First element = Stressed when compounds are written as one word, compounded of a verb and an adverb, or in possessive case nouns followed by another noun Second element = Stressed when food items have the first element which is of a material used in manufacturing the whole, parts of the house and other buildings are implied, or adjectives with past participles characterize people Both elements equal stresses = Observed in composite verbs and numerals from 13 to 19 None of the above = There are no specific stress rules for compound words

-esce, -esque, -ate, -ize, -fy, -ette, -ique, -ee, -eer, -ade = The place of stress is on themselves (or on the preceding syllable) -ical, -ic, -ion, -ity, -ial, -cient, -iency, -eous, -ual, -uous, ety, -itous, -ive, -ative, -itude, -ident, -inal, -ital, -wards = The place of stress is on the preceding syllable -ing = -er None of the above = There are no specific stress rules for suffixes

Dynamic (force) stress = Prominence achieved by greater force with which the syllable is pronounced Musical (tonic) stress = Prominence achieved through the change of pitch or musical tone Quantitative stress = Prominence achieved through changes in the quantity of vowels, which are longer in stressed syllables Qualitative stress = Prominence achieved through changes in the quality of the vowel under stress

Primary stress = Strong, main, principal degree of prominence in a syllable Secondary stress = Half-strong, half-stressed degree of prominence in a syllable Tertiary stress = Contrastive degree of prominence marking the last but one syllable in certain words Weak stress = Unstressed degree of prominence in a syllable

Raised short vertical stroke = Indicates primary stress in English word transcription Lowered short vertical stroke = Indicates secondary stress in English word transcription Stress mark above the stressed vowels = Indicates primary and weak stress in Russian word transcription Non-marking of monosyllabic words = Mostly followed by English scientists in word transcription

Fixed stress = Position of word stress is always restricted to a specific syllable in a word Free stress = Location of word stress is not confined to a specific position and can fall on any syllable in a word

Languages with dynamic (force) stress = English, German, French, Russian Languages with musical (tonic) stress = Japanese, Korean, other oriental languages Languages with quantitative stress = Russian Languages with fixed and free stress = English, Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish

Pitch and length = Strongest effect on word stress Loudness and quality = Have much less effect on word stress Force of utterance = Connected with more energetic articulation in stressed syllables Vowel quantity and quality = Affect the intensity and characteristics of stressed syllables

[ə] = Never occurs in stressed syllables [ɪ, ʊ, əʊ] = Tend to occur in unstressed syllables Syllables with the syllabic [l, m, n] = Never stressed Unstressed diphthongs = May partially lose their glide quality

Three degrees = [Primary, secondary, weak] Four contrastive degrees = [Primary, secondary, tertiary, weak]

Levels distinguished by most phoneticians = [Primary, secondary, weak] Levels distinguished by American phoneticians = [Primary, secondary, tertiary, weak]

Length dependence on position in a word = [Always depends on position] Quality differences under stress vs. unstress = [May differ greatly]

Phonological structure of syllables = Relates to the degree of sonority and determines the strength of a syllable Number of syllables in a word = Influences the number and position of stresses, leading to the appearance of secondary stress in multi-syllable words Morphological factor = Depends on the type of suffix and can be stress-neutral, stress-fixing, or stress-attracting Grammatical category of the word = Illustrated by contrasts between adjectives, nouns, and verbs in terms of stress placement

Recessive tendency = Reflects the tendency to stress the beginning of a word, with unrestricted and restricted sub-types Rhythmic tendency = Reflects the rhythm of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables, leading to the appearance of secondary stress in certain words Retentive tendency = Involves retaining the stress from the original word in derivatives, sometimes changing primary stress to secondary stress Semantic factor = Observed in compound words, with stress falling on elements with greater semantic weight

mother, daughter, brother, swallow = 'mother, 'daughter, 'brother, 'swallow reason, colour = 'reason, 'colour foresee, withdraw, begin = fore'see, with'draw, be'gin hospitable, distribute = 'hospitable – hos'pitable, 'distribute – dist'ribute

cinema, significant = 'cinema, sig'nificant thirteen / Her number is thirteen hundred = ˏthirʹteen / Her ʹnumber is ʹthirteen ˎhundred hot water bottle, waste paper basket = hot ʹwater bottle, waste ʹpaper basket

insult – to insult = ʹinsult – to inʹsult record – to record = ʹrecord – to reʹcord present – to present = ʹpresent – to preʹsent

gentleman – gentle man = ʹgentleman – ʹgentle ʹman blackboard – black board = ʹblackboard – ʹblack ʹboard

Stress-neutral suffixes = Do not affect stress placement in the stem (reʹfuse - reʹfusal) Stress-fixing suffixes = Determine stress placement on a particular syllable of the stem and attract stress to the syllable that precedes them (curiʹosity) Stress-attracting suffixes = Include suffixes that carry stress themselves and attract stress to specific syllables in the stem (ˏrefuʹgee, ˏcigaʹrette) Verbal suffix -ate = Stress-attracting in two-syllable words (mig'rate) and stress-fixing in words containing more than two syllables (com'municate)

hospitable – hospitable, distribute – distribute = The accentual variants are caused by conflicting tendencies - diachronical recessive tendency and rhythmic tendency.

gentleman – gentle man = 'gentleman – 'gentle 'man blackboard – black board = 'blackboard – 'black 'board

gentleman – gentle man = Placement of stress on the first morpheme signifies a single meaning not made up from sub-parts meanings blackboard – black board = Placement of stress on both parts signifies each element having its own meaning