Specialized Connective Tissue Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mast cells in the immune system?

  • Regulating blood pressure
  • Producing antibodies
  • Defending against bacterial infections
  • Promoting increased blood flow and inducing inflammation (correct)

    • Which characteristic is NOT associated with monocytes?

  • Half-life of 12-100 hours in blood
  • Found predominantly in blood circulation (correct)
  • Presence of basophilic granules
  • Indented, oval-shaped nucleus

    • What do the granules in mast cells primarily contain?

  • Lipids and proteins
  • Cytokines and enzymes
  • Histamine and heparin (correct)
  • Antibodies and antibiotics

    • What distinguishes mast cells from monocytes with respect to their location?

    <p>Mast cells are tissue resident, while monocytes are found in circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular feature differentiates monocytes from other white blood cells?

    <p>Size ranging from 12-20 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages?

    <p>To phagocytose dead cells and kill microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do B-lymphocytes primarily mature in humans?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are known to have cytotoxic functions?

    <p>Natural Killer Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of circulating lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macrophage is specifically found in the liver?

    <p>Kupffer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about lymphocytes is incorrect?

    <p>All lymphocytes are larger than 20 µm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Helper T cells?

    <p>They assist other immune cells in their functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural Killer (NK) cells are primarily characterized by what trait?

    <p>They can kill tumors and infected cells indiscriminately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between plasma and serum?

    <p>Serum is plasma minus clotting factors after coagulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding erythrocytes?

    <p>Their biconcave shape allows for flexibility in capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are platelets formed?

    <p>By protrusions of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a normal white blood cell count indicate?

    <p>The normal count is approximately 4,500 to 11,000/µl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>To help in the formation of blood clots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cytoskeleton in erythrocytes?

    <p>To shape and support the cell's membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of whole blood in a healthy individual?

    <p>7.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is usually the most numerous in a normal differential white blood cell count?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Engulf pathogens and release cytotoxic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do agranulocytes differ from granulocytes regarding granules?

    <p>Agranulocytes lack specific granules but contain azurophilic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of eosinophils?

    <p>Their bi-lobed nucleus and bright pink granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might an increase in eosinophils indicate?

    <p>A helminthic parasite infection or allergic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of neutrophils in connective tissue?

    <p>1-3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is characterized by a rich blood supply and the ability to store energy in lipid droplets?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the differential count do eosinophils represent?

    <p>1-4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adipose tissue is primarily responsible for thermogenesis instead of ATP synthesis?

    <p>Brown adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant structure of white adipose tissue?

    <p>One large lipid droplet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of granules increase in prominence during bacterial infection in neutrophils?

    <p>Azurophilic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about basophils is true?

    <p>They are the least abundant type of blood leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is true?

    <p>HSCs undergo asymmetric division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of blood tissue?

    <p>Transporting nutrients and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor regulates eating behavior by impacting the metabolism of fat cells?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates brown adipose tissue from white adipose tissue?

    <p>Presence of multiple small lipid droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is known for its supportive and protective roles for organs?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Specialized Connective Tissue

    • Specialized connective tissues include adipose tissue, hematopoietic tissue, bone, cartilage, and blood.

    Adipose Tissue

    • Components: Adipocytes (fat cells), areolar matrix
    • Function: Stores energy in triglycerides, mobilized by lipase; insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs.
    • Types: White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue.

    White Adipose Tissue

    • Location: Found in many organs
    • Composition: 20% of body weight, very large cells (50-150 μm), single large lipid droplet. Nucleus pushed to the side of the cell.
    • Function: Stores energy in triglycerides and fatty acids. Fatty acids released by lipase activity, carried by plasma proteins. Leptin regulates eating behavior.

    Brown Adipose Tissue

    • Location: 5% of newborn body weight, smaller amounts in adults.
    • Composition: Smaller than white adipose tissue, many small lipid droplets (multilocular), numerous mitochondria, central nucleus.
    • Function: Thermogenesis through metabolic processes.

    Blood Tissue

    • Components: Erythrocytes (red blood cells), Leukocytes (white blood cells [WBCs]), and Platelets; suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma)
    • Function: Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
    • Location: Contained within blood vessels.

    Hematopoiesis

    • Definition: The generation of all blood cells.
    • Origin: All blood cells arise from a single type of Hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs)
    • Characteristics: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are self-renewing; at least one daughter cell is a stem cell; some cells differentiate into other types of blood cells.
    • Lineages: Lymphoid and myeloid

    Composition of Whole Blood

    • Components: Cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) and plasma
    • Plasma: 55% of whole blood, composed of water (92%), proteins (7%), and other solutes (1%).
    • Buffy coat: Contains platelets and leukocytes (<1%)
    • Erythrocytes: 44% of whole blood.
    • Values: Erythrocyte count (adult male: 4.5-6 x 10^12/L, female: 4-5 x 10^12/L); Platelet count (150-450 x 10^9/L); Leukocyte count (4,500-11,000/µL), etc.

    Plasma vs. Serum

    • Plasma: Blood in its liquid state, clots.
    • Serum: Plasma minus clotting factors; does not clot.

    Preparing a Blood Smear

    • Steps: Withdraw blood, place on a slide, use a second slide to spread blood thinly, stain, and cover with a coverslip.
    • Purpose: Enables viewing of blood cell components.

    Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

    • Life span: 120 days
    • Origin: Derived from myeloid precursors in bone marrow. Normal counts are Male: 4.5-6 x 10^12/L, Female: 4-5 x 10^12/L.
    • Shape: Nicely designed biconcave disk, about 7 µm wide and 2 µm thick.
    • Structure: No nucleus, no mitochondria, spectrin, actin, ankyrin cytoskeleton. Cytoplasm: 65% water; 1% organelles; 3% hemoglobin.
    • Flexibility: Flexible to move through capillaries.

    Platelets

    • Life span: 8-10 days
    • Origin: Derived from megakaryocytes.
    • Size: Normal number = 150-450 x 10^9/L; About 2 µm in diameter.
    • Structure: Granulomere and hyalomere regions; no nucleus.
    • Function: Help blood clot.

    White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

    • Count: 4,500-11,000/µL.
    • Differential: Reveals the proportion of different types of white blood cells (e.g., neutrophils, lymphocytes).
    • Function: Leave circulatory blood and enter tissues (diapedes); various functions related to immune system.
    • Types: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.

    Neutrophils (PolyMorphoNuclear Leukocytes)

    • Percentage: 45-75%.
    • Structure: Multi-lobed nucleus, 15 μm in diameter; have specific granules (e.g., lysozyme, elastase, collagenase, cathelicidine, defensin) in cytoplasm; Azurophilic granules can be more prominent with bacterial infections.
    • Function: First cells to enter infection sites, kill pathogens.

    Eosinophils

    • Percentage: 1-4%.
    • Structure: Bi-lobed nucleus, 15 μm in diameter, large, bright pink (eosinophilic) granules. Cytoplasm - Major cell involved in allergic reactions, responsible for parasite infection.
    • Function: Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

    Basophils

    • Percentage: Less than 1%.
    • Structure: About 10 μm in diameter, tons of large, deep blue (basophilic) granules, irregularly shaped nucleus. Granules contain histamine, heparin.
    • Function: Important in allergic and inflammatory responses.

    Mast Cells

    • Location: Tissues (connective, mucosal), not blood; neighbor to blood vessels.
    • Function: release cytokines and histamine to induce inflammation. Have IgE receptor. Important in defense against parasites and allergic diseases.

    Monocytes

    • Percentage: 1-8%.
    • Structure: Larger (12-20 µm), indented, oval, kidney or horseshoe-shaped nucleus ( "Raked" chromatin), gray-blue cytoplasm, sometimes with little vacuoles or granules.
    • Function: Develop into macrophages, phagocytize dead cells and microbes, secrete cytokines, promote tissue repair.

    Macrophages (Mononuclear Phagocytes)

    • Types: Tissue resident macrophages (histiocytes), foreign body giant cells, Kupffer cells (liver), microglial cells (brain), alveolar macrophages (lung).
    • Functions: Differentiate into various types in different organs; phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and repair processes.

    Lymphocytes

    • Percentage: 20-50% in blood.
    • Types: B-lymphocytes and T -lymphocytes - Large granular lymphocytes (LGL). B-cells develop in the bursa of Fabricius (birds) and bone marrow (humans) and mature in lymph nodes and spleen. Produce antibodies in humoral immunity (extracellular pathogens).

    T-Lymphocytes

    • Percentage: About 85%.
    • Development: Develop in bone marrow, mature in thymus.
    • Functions: Cytotoxic T-cells kill infected cells, tumor cells; Helper T-cells help other immune cells to perform their jobs, function in cell-mediated immunity.

    Natural Killer (NK) Cells

    • Description: Large granular lymphocytes (LGL), larger than B and T cells (15µm in diameter).
    • Function: Indiscriminately kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells.

    Next Week: Muscle Tissues

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of specialized connective tissues, including adipose tissue and its two main types: white and brown adipose tissue. Understand their components, locations, and vital functions in energy storage and thermoregulation. Delve into how these tissues contribute to overall health and body weight management.

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