Special Senses: Vision - Accessory Structures of the Eye

Help shade eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration from reaching the eyes

Contains oil & sweat glands; produces 'Sandman's' eye sand

They serve to protect the eye from debris, dust, and excessive light; triggers reflex blinking when touched

Produces meibum which helps tears from evaporating too quickly

Located in the conjunctiva of the eye; produces tears which aid in lubricating & protecting the eye's surface

Protects eyes from foreign objects, excessive light & injuries; contributes to overall lubrication of eye

Captures and directs sound into the ear canal

Regulating air pressure in the middle ear

Responsible for hearing

Contributes to balance and spatial orientation

Detect rotational movements of the head

Transmits electrical signals from the cochlea to the brain

Helps produce cerumen (earwax)

Transmit sound vibrations from the ear drum to the inner ear

Detect linear acceleration and the position of the head concerning gravity

Semicircular canals and otolithic organs (utricle and saccule)

The conjunctiva helps protect the eye and keep it moist by producing mucous and tears.

The lacrimal glands secrete tears which contain antibodies and antibacterial lysozyme.

The ciliary body surrounds the lens, holds it in place, and secretes aqueous humor.

Rods deal with dim-light and do not provide color vision, while cones deal with bright light, color vision, and high resolution.

The vitreous humor transmits light and supports the posterior of the lens.

The lens refracts light to focus it on the retina and contributes to the flexibility of the eye.

The light enters the cornea, then the lens, and finally leaves the lens to focus on the retina.

The visible spectrum ranges from red, with the longest wavelength, to violet, with the shortest wavelength.

Visual information travels from the optic nerves to the optic chiasm, then to the optic tract, and finally to the primary visual cortex in the brain.

Macula degeneration can lead to loss of vision in the middle, difficulty in seeing colors, and potential blindness.

Olfactory receptors can detect a few molecules and send signals to the brain, contributing to the sense of smell.

The primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, and umami.

Captures and directs sound into the ear canal

Regulating air pressure in the middle ear

Responsible for hearing

Helps produce cerumen (earwax)

Detect rotational movements of the head

Transmits electrical signals from the cochlea to the brain

Contributes to balance and spatial orientation

Part of the external ear

Linear acceleration and the position of the head concerning gravity

Transmit sound vibrations from the ear drum to the inner ear

Captures and directs sound into the ear canal

Detects head movements and provides information about the body's position in space

Protects eyes from foreign objects, excessive light & injuries; contributes to overall lubrication of eye; allows blinking to distribute tears across eye to prevent dryness.

Contains oil & sweat glands; produces 'Sandman's' eye sand.

Produces meibum which helps tears from evaporating too quickly.

Located in the conjunctiva of the eye; produces tears which aid in lubricating & protecting eye's surface.

Serves to protect the eye from debris, dust & excessive light; triggers reflex blinking when touched.

Help shade eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration going down forehead from reaching eyes.

Medial and lateral commissures are the corners of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet, helping to protect the eye and distribute tears.

Produces tears which aid in lubricating & protecting the eye's surface.

It contains oil & sweat glands and produces 'Sandman's' eye sand.

Supports connective tissue, obicularis oculi & levator palpebrae superioris.

Produces tears which aid in lubricating & protecting the eye's surface.

Contains ciliary muscles which control the shape of the lens for focusing; secretes aqueous humor to nourish the lens and cornea.

To protect the eye and keep it moist by producing mucous and tears.

To secrete lacrimal secretion called tears which produce antibodies and antibacterial (lysozyme).

To enable eye movement and help maintain the shape of the eye.

To capture and process visual information.

To transmit light and support the posterior of the lens.

It is biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular.

It includes red as the longest wavelength and violet as the shortest.

To capture light and initiate the process of vision.

To detect specific molecules and send signals to the brain for smell perception.

It involves gustatory epithelial cells detecting sweet, sour, and umami sensations.

Optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tract, and primary visual cortex.

Glaucoma, Macula Degeneration, Detached Retina.

Regulating air pressure in the middle ear

Responsible for hearing

Contributes to balance and spatial orientation

Rotational movements of the head

Linear acceleration and the position of the head concerning gravity

Transmits electrical signals from the cochlea to the brain

Helps produce cerumen (earwax) to prevent dust/debris and insects from entering the ear

Part of the external ear

Transmit sound vibrations from the ear drum to the inner ear

Receives sound vibrations from the incus and transmits them to the inner ear

Transmits sound vibrations from the ear drum to the inner ear

Captures and directs sound into the ear canal

It contains oil & sweat glands; produces 'Sandman's' eye sand.

Eyelashes protect the eye from debris, dust, and excessive light; they trigger reflex blinking when touched.

The medial & lateral commissure forms the corners of the eyelids, providing openings for the palpebral fissure and allowing tears to drain from the eye.

Tarsal plates support connective tissue, obicularis oculi & levator palpebrae superioris.

The ciliary gland is an accessory lacrimal gland located in the eye's conjunctiva; it produces tears which aid in lubricating and protecting the eye's surface.

Tarsal glands produce meibum which helps tears from evaporating too quickly.

Eyebrows help shade the eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration from reaching the eyes.

The lacrimal gland produces tears which help in lubricating and protecting the eye's surface.

The conjunctiva houses accessory lacrimal glands which produce tears, aiding in lubricating and protecting the eye's surface.

Ciliary glands are located in the conjunctiva of the eye; they produce tears which aid in lubricating and protecting the eye's surface.

Eyelashes serve to protect the eye from debris, dust, and excessive light, triggering reflex blinking when touched.

The palpebrae protect the eyes from foreign objects, excessive light, injuries, and contribute to overall lubrication of the eye.

To protect the eye and keep it moist by producing mucous and tears.

To secrete tears which produce antibodies and antibacterial (lysozyme), and to drain tears into the nasal canal.

Chalazion, Stye, Conjunctivitis, Cold or nasal inflammation, Diplopia, Strabismus

Sclera and cornea

To supply blood to the eye and contain the ciliary body and iris.

To capture and process visual information, and contain photoreceptor cells.

Rods deal with dim-light and no color vision, cones deal with bright light and color vision.

To transmit light and support the posterior of the lens.

To focus light onto the retina and aid in vision.

The optic nerve carries visual information to the brain, while the optic chiasm is the place where optic nerves cross.

Glaucoma, Macula Degeneration, Detached Retina

To detect specific molecules and send signals to the brain for smell perception.

Contact lens go here

Where tears drain and go into nasal canal

Connects ciliary body to lens

Causes constriction of pupils under parasympathetic control

Fluid that transmits light; supports posterior of lens

Where we have our best vision acuity

To capture and process light stimuli

Aids in accommodation by changing the shape of the lens

Rhodopsin is produced in dark, bleached by light, and regenerated

Place where optic nerves cross

Odorant binds to receptor protein, initiating the process of smell transduction

Part of the brain that perceives vision

It contains oil & sweat glands; produces 'Sandman's' eye sand

Produces tears which aid in lubricating & protecting eye's surface

Supports connective tissue, obicularis oculi & levator palpebrae superioris

Produces meibum which helps tears from evaporating too quickly

It's the eyelid slit

Produces tears which aid in lubricating & protecting eye's surface

Triggers reflex blinking when touched

Protects eyes from foreign objects, excessive light & injuries

It contains oil & sweat glands; produces 'Sandman's' eye sand

Produces meibum which helps tears from evaporating too quickly

Produces tears which aid in lubricating & protecting eye's surface

Supports connective tissue, obicularis oculi & levator palpebrae superioris

To regulate air pressure in the middle ear

Responsible for hearing; converts sound vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain

Includes the semicircular canals and otolithic organs (utricle and saccule)

Transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the inner ear

Contributes to balance and spatial orientation

Part of the external ear

Helps produce cerumen (earwax) to prevent dust/debris and insects from entering the ear

Detect linear acceleration and the position of the head concerning gravity

Transmits electrical signals from the cochlea to the brain

Helps transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

Regulates air pressure to maintain optimal conditions and prevent discomfort

Detect rotational movements of the head

Contain oil and sweat glands, producing 'Sandman's' eye sand

Produce meibum to prevent tears from evaporating too quickly

Allow blinking to distribute tears across the eye to prevent dryness

Produce tears to lubricate and protect the eye's surface

Debris, dust, and excessive light

Located on the edge of the eyelids, their primary function is to support connective tissue

Lacrimal glands

Where contact lenses are placed

Chalazion

Covers the white of the eye excluding the cornea

Extrinsic Eye Muscle

Transmits light

Choroid region

Cones

In the optic nerve

Dilator pupilae

Sphincter pupilae

Opsins

Regulates air pressure in the middle ear

Responsible for hearing

Detects head movements and provides information about the body's position in space

Transmits electrical signals from the cochlea to the brain

Rotational movements of the head

Prevents dust/debris and insects from coming into the ear

Captures and directs sound into ear canal

Produces earwax (cerumen) which prevents dust/debris and insects from coming into the ear

Helps transmit sound vibrations from ear drum to inner ear

Linear acceleration and position of head concerning gravity

Conjunctiva = Thin, transparent layer covering the sclera of the inner surface of the eyelids Lacrimal Apparatus = Secretes lacrimal secretion called tears which produce antibodies and antibacterial (lysozyme) Extrinsic Eye Muscle = Enables eye movement and helps maintain shape of eye Retina = Inner layer of the eye; neural region attaches anteriorly to oral serrata and posteriorly at optic disc

Chalazion = Obstructed tarsal gland Stye = Inflammation of the lacrimal ducts Conjunctivitis (pink eye) = Inflammation of the conjunctiva Diplopia (double vision) = Perception of two images of a single object

Fibrous layer = Dense & avascular; made of sclera and cornea Vascular layer (uvea) = Supplies blood to the eye; contains brown pigment Retina = Inner layer of the eye; contains photoreceptor cells Internal Chambers and Fluids = Contains vitreous humor and aqueous humor

Phontons = Basic unit of light Wavelengths of Light = Different colors correspond to different wavelengths Optics = Study of light behavior and properties Photo transduction = Enzyme cascade of light transduction reactions

Pinna/Auricle = Captures and directs sound into ear canal Ceruminous gland = Helps produce cerumen (earwax) External auditory (ear canal) = Transmits sound waves to the eardrum Cerumen (earwax) = Prevents dust/debris and insects from entering the ear

Ossicles (Stapes, Incus, Malleus) = Transmit and amplify sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear Pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube) = Regulates air pressure in the middle ear Stapes (stirrup) = Receives sound vibrations from the incus and transmits them to the inner ear Incus (anvil) = Receives sound vibrations from the malleus and amplifies them

Cochlea = Responsible for hearing and converts sound vibrations into electrical signals Vestibular System = Contributes to balance and spatial orientation Semicircular Canals = Detect rotational movements of the head Auditory Nerve = Transmits electrical signals from the cochlea to the brain

Utricle and Saccule = Detect linear acceleration and the position of the head concerning gravity Semicircular Canals = Detect head movements and provide information about the body's position in space Cochlea = Converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain Vestibular System = Includes the utricle and saccule, contributing to balance and spatial orientation

Cochlea = Converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain Semicircular Canals = Detect rotational movements of the head Vestibular System = Contributes to balance and spatial orientation Auditory Nerve = Transmits electrical signals from the cochlea to the brain, integrating auditory information for perception

Eyebrows = Help shade eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration from reaching eyes Palpebrae (eyelids) = Protects eyes from foreign objects, excessive light, and injuries; contributes to overall lubrication of the eye Lacrimal Caruncle = Contains oil and sweat glands; produces 'Sandman's' eye sand Tarsal gland (meibomian gland) = Produces meibum which helps tears from evaporating too quickly

Lacrimal Caruncle = Oil and sweat glands; produces 'Sandman's' eye sand Tarsal gland (meibomian gland) = Produces meibum which helps tears from evaporating too quickly Ciliary gland = Produces tears which aid in lubricating and protecting the eye's surface Accessory lacrimal glands = Modified sweat glands that produce tears which aid in lubricating and protecting the eye's surface

Eyelashes = Short fine hairs that grow along the eyelid's edge; they serve to protect the eye from debris, dust, and excessive light; triggers reflex blinking when touched Palpebrae (eyelids) = -Protects eyes from foreign objects, excessive light, and injuries; -contributes to overall lubrication of the eye; -allows blinking to distribute tears across the eye to prevent dryness Lacrimal Caruncle = Contains oil and sweat glands; produces 'Sandman's' eye sand Tarsal plates = Supports connective tissue, obicularis oculi, and levator palpebrae superioris

Eyebrows = Help shade eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration from reaching eyes Palpebrae (eyelids) = -Protects eyes from foreign objects, excessive light, and injuries; -contributes to overall lubrication of the eye; -allows blinking to distribute tears across the eye to prevent dryness Lacrimal Caruncle = Contains oil and sweat glands; produces 'Sandman's' eye sand Tarsal plates = Supports connective tissue, obicularis oculi, and levator palpebrae superioris

Lacrimal Caruncle = Produces 'Sandman's' eye sand Tarsal gland (meibomian gland) = Produces meibum which helps tears from evaporating too quickly Ciliary gland = Produces tears which aid in lubricating and protecting the eye's surface Accessory lacrimal glands = Modified sweat glands that produce tears which aid in lubricating and protecting the eye's surface

Eyelashes = Triggers reflex blinking when touched; protects the eye from debris, dust, and excessive light Palpebrae (eyelids) = -Protects eyes from foreign objects, excessive light, and injuries; -contributes to overall lubrication of the eye; -allows blinking to distribute tears across the eye to prevent dryness Lacrimal Caruncle = Contains oil and sweat glands; produces 'Sandman's' eye sand Tarsal plates = Supports connective tissue, obicularis oculi, and levator palpebrae superioris

They grow along the eyelid's edge to protect the eye from debris, dust & excessive light

To secrete lacrimal secretion called tears, which contains antibodies and antibacterial substances

To support connective tissue, obicularis oculi & levator palpebrae superioris and contain oil & sweat glands

To produce tears which aid in lubricating & protecting eye's surface

To protect the eye from debris, dust & excessive light

Producing meibum which helps tears from evaporating too quickly

Converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain

Contributes to balance and spatial orientation

Prevents dust and debris from entering the ear

React to different tastes, sending signals to the brain

Captures and directs sound into the ear canal

A problem that happens when the pressure inside the eye goes up, causing damage to the optic nerve

A disease causing physical deterioration of macula lutea, leading to blindness

To produce tears and antibodies

Where tears drain and go into nasal canal

To protect and shape the eye

Surrounds the lens and holds it in place

Supports the posterior of the lens

To transmit light

It provides our best vision acuity

Deals with high intensity, dim-light, and no color vision

Strabismus (cross eyes)

Blindness.

A slow-growing lump on eyelid.

Ciliary glands.

On the inner surface of the eyelids

Small ducts that help drain tears into the lacrimal sac

Obstruction of tarsal gland

Bulbar conjunctiva

Enable eye movement and blinking

Posterior chamber

Surrounds and holds the lens in place

Cones

Deals with high-intensity dim light vision

Amplifies sound waves and transmits them to the inner ear

Contains oil & sweat glands; produces 'Sandman's' eye sand

Large sebaceous glands that produce meibum which helps tears from evaporating too quickly

Modified sweat glands located in the conjunctiva of the eye; produces tears which aid in lubricating & protecting eye's surface

Short fine hairs that grow along the eyelid's edge; they serve to protect the eye from debris, dust & excessive light

Supports connective tissue, obicularis oculi, and levator palpebrae superioris

Produces tears which aid in lubricating & protecting eye's surface

a fold of skin at the corner of your eyes that produces a sticky substance when you sleep

They help shade eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration going down forehead from reaching eyes.

they distribute tears across the eyeball and protect it from debris.

produces a sticky substance when you sleep.

Gradual vision loss and potential blindness

In the olfactory epithelium

React to different tastes and send signals to the brain

Regulate air pressure in the middle ear

Vestibular System

Detect rotational movements of the head

Cells for sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami

Helps prevent dust/debris and insects from entering the ear

Regenerate and replace taste cells when needed

Possible blindness due to flashes of light

Physical deterioration leading to potential blindness

Responsible for hearing and converts sound vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain

Bulbar conjunctiva

Drains tears into nasal canal

Chalazion

Transmits light

Deals with color and bright light

Producing 'Sandman’s' eye sand

Short fine hairs that grow along the eyelid's edge; they serve to protect the eye from debris, dust & excessive light

Supports connective tissue, obicularis oculi & levator palpebrae superioris

Produces tears which aid in lubricating & protecting eye's surface

Large sebaceous glands that produce meibum which help tears from evaporating too quickly

An eye problem caused by pressure inside the eye, leading to gradual vision loss and blindness if untreated

Responsible for hearing, converting sound vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain

Gustatory epithelial cells with jobs like sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami detectors

Transmits electrical signals from the cochlea to the brain

Gradual vision loss

On the membrane of the smooth ER

Peptide hormones

A nearby cell

Exocrine glands

One hormone must be present for the other to function

Two hormones acting together for a greater effect

Two hormones with opposite effects

One hormone must be present for the other to function

Rough ER

Endocrine gland

Smooth ER

Biogenic amines

Target cells

One hormone must be present for the other to function

Two hormones acting together for a greater effect

Two hormones with opposite effects

Antagonistic Effect

Enter target cells and bind to intracellular receptors