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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the specialized receptor cells that detect odors?
What is the name of the specialized receptor cells that detect odors?
Olfactory receptor cells
Which of the following are classified as CHEMORECEPTORS?
Which of the following are classified as CHEMORECEPTORS?
What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
To produce, distribute, and remove tears.
The cornea is a vascular tissue.
The cornea is a vascular tissue.
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What is the name of the clear, gelatinous substance that fills the posterior cavity of the eye?
What is the name of the clear, gelatinous substance that fills the posterior cavity of the eye?
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Which two muscles control the amount of light entering the eye and passing through the lens?
Which two muscles control the amount of light entering the eye and passing through the lens?
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What is the name of the area on the retina that contains the highest concentration of photoreceptors and is responsible for sharpest vision?
What is the name of the area on the retina that contains the highest concentration of photoreceptors and is responsible for sharpest vision?
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What is the name of the condition where the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved, resulting in difficulty seeing distant objects?
What is the name of the condition where the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved, resulting in difficulty seeing distant objects?
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What type of lens is used to correct myopia?
What type of lens is used to correct myopia?
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What is the name of the condition where the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat, resulting in difficulty seeing near objects?
What is the name of the condition where the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat, resulting in difficulty seeing near objects?
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Which of the following are components of the neural layer of the retina?
Which of the following are components of the neural layer of the retina?
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What is the function of the blind spot?
What is the function of the blind spot?
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Rods are more sensitive to light than cones.
Rods are more sensitive to light than cones.
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Photopsin is the visual pigment found in rods.
Photopsin is the visual pigment found in rods.
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What is the name of the process by which rhodopsin is broken down into retinal and opsin in response to light?
What is the name of the process by which rhodopsin is broken down into retinal and opsin in response to light?
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What is the name of the structure responsible for the integration of visual information from both eyes?
What is the name of the structure responsible for the integration of visual information from both eyes?
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Visual field testing is primarily used to detect signs of damage to the optic nerve.
Visual field testing is primarily used to detect signs of damage to the optic nerve.
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Study Notes
Special Senses
- All special senses originate from sensory receptor cells, either neurons or specialized receptor cells.
- These cells communicate sensory input.
Olfaction (Smell)
- Smell is detected by olfactory receptors within the nasal epithelium.
- Odorants are dissolved in mucus and transported to receptors on cilia by odorant-binding proteins.
- Sensory input is transduced to an electrical (neural) signal.
- Impulses travel to the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and parts of the limbic system.
- This pathway bypasses the thalamus.
- Information is relayed to various brain areas, involved in emotional and visceral responses.
Taste (Gustation)
- Taste buds contain taste receptor cells.
- Receptor cells detect different tastes.
- Taste buds are distributed on the tongue and adjacent parts of the pharynx and larynx.
- Papillae are types of projections on the tongue surface, with specific shapes like vallate, fungiform, foliate, and filiform.
- Vallate papillae are the largest, with dome shapes and contain a multitude of taste buds.
- Fungiform papillae are mushroom shaped and contain fewer taste buds.
- Foliate papillae are ridges on the tongue often found only in childhood.
- Filiform papillae have scattered sensory nerve endings but do not contain taste buds.
- Taste is detected through chemoreceptors.
- Chemicals in food must first dissolve in saliva, which is a prerequisite for gustatory stimulation.
- Four primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty and bitter. A fifth is umami.
- Detection initiates with the binding of chemicals to receptors on taste hairs (microvilli).
- Chemicals diffuse through channels or bind to receptor proteins.
Vision
- The eye is protected by the eyelids, eyelashes, and lacrimal apparatus.
- Cornea is the transparent outer surface of the eye allows light to enter, the iris regulates light.
- The lens focuses light onto the retina.
- The retina contains photoreceptors (cones and rods) for vision.
- There are 3 types of cones for colour vision and rods for peripheral vision.
- The eye's visual pathways converge to the brain and eventually, to the occipital lobe.
- The photoreceptors (rods and cones) communicate with bipolar cells, then ganglion cells, and eventually the optic nerve.
- The visual axis is an imaginary line passing through the centers of the cornea, lens, and the retina where images are focused.
- The fovea centralis is the highest concentration of photoreceptors and produces the sharpest images.
Focusing Light on the Retina
- The cornea and lens refract light to focus on the retina.
Focal Point and Focal Distance
- Focal point is the point where light rays converge.
- The distance between the optical center of the lens and the focal point is focal distance.
Focusing Errors
- Nearsightedness (myopia) occurs when the eyeball is too long, or the cornea is too curved, and the image focuses in front of the retina, requiring concave lenses for correction.
- Farsightedness (hyperopia) occurs when the eyeball is too short, or the cornea is too flat, and the image focuses behind the retina, thus convex lenses are needed to converge the light.
- Presbyopia is age-related farsightedness, with a progressive inability to focus on close objects due to reduced lens elasticity.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of special senses, focusing on olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste). Learn how sensory receptors work, the pathways involved, and the unique aspects of taste perception through data from the tongue and olfactory system. Enhance your understanding of how our senses shape emotional responses and perceptions.
